Editing Testudo formation (section)

== Later usage ==

The ''testudo'' was a common formation in the [[Middle Ages]], being used by [[Muhammad]]'s forces during the [[Siege of Ta'if]] in 630,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=Sir William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Feo9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145 |title=The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia |date=1861 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref> also by the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] [[Franks|Frankish]] soldiers of [[Louis the Pious]] to advance on the walls of [[Barcelona]] during the siege of 800–801, by [[Vikings]] during the [[Siege of Paris (885–886)|siege of Paris]] in 885–886, by [[East Francia|East Frankish]] soldiers under king [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] during the siege of [[Bergamo]] in 894, by [[Lotharingia]]ns under [[Conrad the Red]] at the siege of [[Senlis]] in 949, by Lotharingian defenders at the siege of [[Verdun]] in 984 and by the [[Crusade]]rs of count [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond IV of Toulouse]] during the [[siege of Nicaea]] in 1097.{{sfn|Bachrach|2012|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Bradbury|1992|p=280}} The ''testudo'' formation was again employed by medieval [[Arabs]], who called it the ''dabbāba'' or "crawler". It was employed by [[Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i]] in the 906 siege of [[Tobna]] (in modern-day [[Algeria]]), where he used it to protect [[sapper]]s as they advanced to the city walls, where they undermined and collapsed a tower, creating a breach for their allies to enter the city.<ref name="Halm">{{cite book |last1=Halm |first1=Heinz |title=The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids (Translated from the German by Michael Bonner) |date=1996 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10056-3 |pages=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0C |access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

During the [[Euromaidan]] protests in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]] in 2014 the [[Berkut (special police force)|Berkut]] riot police used the ''testudo'' tactic to protect themselves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/kiev-riot-police-use-roman-tactics-2014-1 |title=The Battle For Ukraine Is Being Fought Using Ancient Military Tactics|first= Geoffrey |last=Ingersoll |work=Business Insider |date=January 22, 2014}}</ref>