Editing Three-Chapter Controversy (section)

==The schism in the West==
{{Main|Schism of the Three Chapters}}

The bishops of [[Aquileia]], [[Milan]], and of the [[Istrian]] peninsula all refused to condemn the Three Chapters, arguing that to do so would be to betray Chalcedon. They in turn were [[excommunicated|anathematized]] by the Council. Meanwhile, since these bishops and most of their suffragans were soon to become subjects of the [[Lombards]] in 568, they would be beyond the reach of the coercion of the Byzantine [[Exarchate of Ravenna|Exarch at Ravenna]], and able to continue their dissent.

However, the bishop of Milan renewed communion with Rome after the death of bishop Fronto around 581. As he had fled from the Lombards to refuge at [[Genoa]], his successor, Laurence, was dependent upon the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] for support. He subscribed to the condemnation.

In 568, the schismatic bishop of Aquileia had fled eight miles south to Byzantine controlled [[Grado, Italy|Grado]].  The Byzantines allowed these freedom and archbishop Elias, already called patriarch by his suffragans, built a cathedral under the patronage of [[St. Euphemia]] as an unabashed statement of his adherence to the schism since it was the church of St. Euphemia in which the sessions of the Council of Chalcedon were approved.  Gregory the Great's attempts at conciliation near the end of his pontificate, and especially through the Lombard queen, [[Theodelinda]], began to have some effect.  Thus, in 606, Elias's successor Severus died and there were many clerics favorable to reconciliation.  The Byzantines encouraged these to elect Candidianus who once elected promptly restored communion.  However, certain stalwart clerics were unhappy and having fled to mainland Aquileia under Lombard protection elected a John as a rival bishop who maintained the schism.  Thus, the schism deepened now along political Lombard-Roman lines.  [[Columbanus]] was involved in the first attempt to resolve this division through mediation in 613.  The bishop of "old" Aquileia formally ended the schism at the [[Synod]] of Aquileia in 698, only after the Lombards embraced Orthodoxy in the 7th century.  The division of the [[Patriarchate of Aquileia (State)|Patriarchate of Aquileia]] contributed to the evolution of the [[Patriarch of Grado]] into the present [[Patriarch of Venice]].

The churches of the Visigothic Kingdom of Spain ([[Reccared]] having converted a short time prior) never accepted the council;<ref>Herrin, 1989, pp. 240–241</ref> when news of the later [[Third Council of Constantinople]] was communicated to them by Rome it was received as the ''fifth'' ecumenical council,<ref>Herrin, 1989, p. 244</ref> not the sixth. [[Isidore of Seville]], in his ''Chronicle'' and ''De Viris Illustribus'', judged Justinian a tyrant and persecutor of the orthodox<ref>Herrin, 1989, p. 241 and the references therein</ref> and an admirer of heresy,<ref>[[Isidore of Seville]], ''Chronica Maiora'', no. 397a</ref> contrasting him with [[Facundus of Hermiane]] and [[Victor of Tunnuna]], who was considered a martyr.<ref>Herrin, 1989, p. 241</ref>