Editing Threefold repetition (section)

==Examples==

===1972 World Championship===
The [[World Chess Championship 1972#Game 17|seventeenth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044731 |title=Spassky vs. Fischer, 17th game, 1972 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> and [[World Chess Championship 1972#Game 18|eighteenth]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044371 |title=Fischer vs. Spassky, 18th game, 1972 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> game of the [[world chess championship 1972|1972 World Championship match]] in Reykjavik between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Boris Spassky]] were declared draws because of threefold repetition. The [[World Chess Championship 1972#Game 20|twentieth]] game was drawn after an incorrect claim (see [[#Incorrect claims|incorrect claims]] below).

===Fischer vs. Petrosian, 1971===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Fischer vs. Petrosian, 1971

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|pd|  |  |  |pd|  |kd
|  |  |pd|  |  |qd|  |pd
|  |  |  |rd|  |pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |rl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pl
|pl|  |pl|  |ql|pl|  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |kl
|Position after 30.Qe2, 32.Qe2 and 34.Qe2
}}
In the third game<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106921 |title=Fischer vs. Petrosian, 1971 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> of the 1971 [[Candidates Tournament|Candidates Final Match]] in Buenos Aires between [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Tigran Petrosian]], Petrosian (with a better position) accidentally allowed the position after 30.Qe2 ({{em|see diagram}}) to be repeated three times. Play continued:
:'''30... Qe5'''
:'''31. Qh5 Qf6''' 
31...Qxf4 32.Qxf7+ also leads to threefold repetition.
:'''32. Qe2''' (second time) '''Re5'''
:'''33. Qd3 Rd5?'''
and then Fischer wrote his next move
:'''34. Qe2''' (third time) '''½-½'''
on his {{chessgloss|scoresheet}}, which is the third appearance of the position with Black to move, and he claimed a draw.<ref>Different sources give different moves near the end. Plisetsky & Voronkov and Kasparov give 32...Re5 33.Qh5 Rd5. ChessGames.com and ''Chess Life'' (11/1971 and 12/1971) give 32...Re5 33.Qd3 Rd5.  The December 1971 ''Chess Life'' also discusses how the intermediate moves were different, and that Petrosian seemed unaware that he was going to allow a three-fold repetition.</ref> At first Petrosian was not aware of what was going on.  Incidentally, this was the first time a draw by threefold repetition had been claimed in his career.<ref>{{Harvcol|Plisetsky|Voronkov|2005|pp=283–84}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Kasparov|2004|pp=422–23}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Byrne|1971|p=682}}</ref>  This also illustrates that the intermediate moves do not need to be the same – just the positions.

===Capablanca vs. Lasker, 1921===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Capablanca vs. Lasker, 1921

|  |  |  |  |  |kd|  |  
|pd|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  
|  |pd|  |  |qd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |rl|ql|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |nd|  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|Position after 34...h5, 36...Kf8 and 38...Kf8
}}
As noted above, one of the players must claim a draw by threefold repetition for the rule to be applied, otherwise the game continues.  In the fifth game<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1241495 |title=Capablanca vs. Lasker, 1921 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> of the [[World Chess Championship 1921|1921]] [[World Chess Championship]] match in Havana between [[José Raúl Capablanca]] and [[Emanuel Lasker]], the same position occurred three times, but no draw was claimed. After 34...h5 ({{em|see diagram}}), the moves were:

:'''35. Qd8+ Kg7'''
:'''36. Qg5+ Kf8''' (second time)
:'''37. Qd8+ Kg7'''
:'''38. Qg5+ Kf8''' (third time)

Capablanca had repeated the moves to gain time on the clock (i.e. get in some quick moves before [[time control]]). The game continued without a draw being claimed; Lasker [[blunder (chess)|blundered]] and [[resign (chess)|resigned]] on move 46.<ref>{{Harvcol|Kasparov|2003|pp=266–67}}</ref>  (Capablanca went on to win the match and become world champion.)
{{clear}}

===Two games between Alekhine and Lasker, 1914===
{{col-begin|width=auto; float:right; clear:right}}	
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Alekhine vs. Lasker <br />Moscow 1914
|rd|  |  |qd|  |rd|  |kd
|pd|  |pd|  |bd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|nd|ql|pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |nl|bl|  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|  |  |  |  |  |kl|  
|Position after 16.Qg6
}}
{{col-break}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tright
|Lasker vs. Alekhine <br />St. Petersburg 1914
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rd
|  |  |pd|  |bd|pd|pd|pd
|  |  |pd|  |kd|  |  |  
|  |  |pl|  |nd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |ql|nl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |qd|  |  
|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|  |pl
|rl|  |bl|rl|  |  |kl|  
|Position after 21.Qd4, 23.Kg1 and 25.Kg1
}}
{{col-end}}

The game<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011905 |title=Alekhine vs.Lasker, 1914 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> between [[Alexander Alekhine]] and [[world chess championship|world champion]] [[Emanuel Lasker]] in Moscow 1914 ended in a short draw. After 16.Qg6 ({{em|see diagram}}) the players [[draw by agreement|agreed to a draw]] because Alekhine can force the threefold repetition, for example 16...Qe8 17.Qxh6+ Kg8 18.Qg5+ Kh8 19.Qh6+.<ref>{{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1996|loc=p. 335. ''repetition of position''}}</ref> 

In the first game<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1011925 |title=Lasker vs. Alekhine, 1914 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> between the two players in the St. Petersburg tournament 1914,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?page=3&tid=79286 |title=St. Petersburg (1914) |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref> Alekhine, this time with the black pieces, after 21.Qd4 ({{em|see diagram}}), forced a draw by threefold repetition using a similar process.<ref>{{Harvcol|Bott|Morrison|1966|p=14}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Portisch vs. Korchnoi, 1970===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Portisch vs. Korchnoi, 1970

|  |  |bd|  |nd|rd|kd|  
|pd|  |  |pd|  |nd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |qd|nl|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  |  
|pl|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  
|  |pl|  |  |  |ql|bl|pl
|rl|  |  |  |kl|  |  |rl
|Position after 21...Qb5 with Portisch in a better position
}}
A famous draw for threefold repetition occurred in the fourth{{refn|"Lajos Portisch comments on the controversy surrounding his draw against Viktor Kortschnoi in their fourth and last game." per ChessBase article<ref name="ChessBasePortisch" />}} game<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1081983|title=Lajos Portisch vs. Viktor Korchnoi (1970)|publisher=Chessgames.com|access-date=2020-09-16}}</ref> between [[Lajos Portisch]] and [[Viktor Korchnoi]] in Belgrade in the [[USSR_and_Russia_versus_the_Rest_of_the_World#First_match,_Belgrade_1970|Russia (USSR) vs. Rest of the World 1970]] match.  After 21...Qb5 ({{em|see diagram}}), in a clearly better position,{{refn|"22. Bf1 White steers for a repetition and a draw. Modern engines evaluate the position as clearly better for White." per ChessBase article<ref name="ChessBasePortisch">{{cite web|last=Fischer|first=Johannes|date=14 April 2020|title=USSR vs. Rest of the World, 1970: Lajos Portisch comments|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/ussr-vs-rest-of-the-world-1970-lajos-portisch-speaks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915112234/https://en.chessbase.com/post/ussr-vs-rest-of-the-world-1970-lajos-portisch-speaks|archive-date=15 September 2020|access-date=15 September 2020|publisher=Chessbase}}</ref>}} Portisch allowed this position to repeat three times and was criticized by teammate [[Bobby Fischer]] for allowing it.<ref>{{harvcol|Brady|1973|p=163}}</ref> If Portisch had won the game, the match would have been a tie. Play continued:

:'''22. Bf1 Qc6'''
:'''23. Bg2 Qb5''' (second time)
:'''24. Bf1 Qc6'''
:'''25. Bg2 ½-½'''
allowing Black to claim the threefold repetition with 25...Qb5.
{{clear}}

===Kasparov vs. Deep Blue, 1997===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Kasparov vs. Deep Blue, 1997

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pd|pd|  |  |  |  |pl|  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |kd|pd|  |  |nl|  |  
|  |nd|  |  |rl|  |pl|  
|  |  |  |rd|  |  |  |  
|  |kl|  |  |  |  |  |  
|Position after 49...Kb4
}}

In the [[Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov#1997 game 5|game]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1070916 |title=Kasparov vs. Deep Blue, 1997 |publisher=Chessgames.com |access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref> between [[Garry Kasparov]] and [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] in New York 1997, the game ended with a [[draw by agreement]], because after 49...Kb4 ({{em|diagram}}), if White plays 50.g8=Q, Black can force perpetual check and claim a draw after 54.Kb1 by threefold repetition:<ref>{{Harvcol|Hsu|2002|pp=251–52}}</ref>

:50...Rd1+
:51.Ka2, Kb2 or Kc2 Rd2+
:52.Kb1 (second time) Rd1+
:53.Ka2, Kb2 or Kc2 Rd2+
:54.Kb1 (third time)
{{clear}}

===Khamparia vs. Bo, 2018===
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Khamparia vs. Bo, 2018

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|pl|kd|  |  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|  | 
|  |kl|  |pd|  |  |  |pd
|  |  |  |bl|pd|  |  |pl
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  | 
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 
|  |  |rd|  |  |  |  | 
| Position after 60...Rc1, 62...Rc1, 68...Rc1, 73...Rc1 and 75...Rc1
}}
To detect fivefold repetitions can be challenging for the arbiter. In the game [[Akshat Khamparia]] vs. Li Bo, Budapest 2018, Li twice requested a draw, saying simply "repetition". Both times the request was rejected because it was not made correctly according to the threefold repetition rule. Li was later checkmated. Li disputed the result, indicating that the position had occurred five times. The arbiter was able to verify fivefold repetition at moves 60, 62, 68, 73 and 75.<ref name="FideArbitersMagazineSeptember2018" /> Had the fivefold repetition rule not been in effect, the result would have stood, as no correct claim for threefold repetition had been made. Under the fivefold repetition rule, however, the fifth occurrence of a position immediately terminates the game, and subsequent moves become irrelevant. The result was therefore overturned, and the game was declared a draw.<ref name="FideArbitersMagazineSeptember2018">{{Cite web|last=Saltamara|first=Efstathia|date=September 2018|title=FIDE Arbiter's Magazine|issue=Magazine 07, September 2018|url=https://arbiters.fide.com/wp-content/uploads/Publications/Magazine/ARBMagazine07.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006094128/http://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2018/FIDE_Arbiters_Magazine_No_7_-_September_2018.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2019|access-date=26 August 2020|website=FIDE|page=8}}</ref><ref name="KhampariaLiPgn">The PGN of the game is contained in the following FIDE rating page {{Cite web|title=PGN Chess Game First Saturday GM May 2018 (HUN)|url=https://ratings.fide.com/view_pgn.phtml?code=181399|access-date=3 August 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Opening line===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Pirc Defense line

|rd|nd|  |nl|kd|  |  |rd
|pd|pd|  |  |pd|  |  |pd
|  |  |  |pd|  |  |pd|  
|  |bd|pd|  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |bd|  |pl|nd|  
|  |  |nl|  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|  |  |  |pl|pl
|rl|  |bl|ql|kl|  |  |rl
|Position after 11.Nxd8
}}
An [[Pirc_Defence#5...c5|Austrian Attack line]] from the [[Pirc Defence]] has been analyzed out to a draw by threefold repetition. After the moves 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 4.f4 Bg7 5.Nf3 c5 6.Bb5+ Bd7 7.e5 Ng4 8.e6 fxe6 9.Ng5 Bxb5! 10.Nxe6 Bxd4! 11.Nxd8 ({{em|diagram}}) Black can force perpetual check and so the draw by the following moves:

:11...Bf2+
:12.Kd2 (first time) Be3+
:13.Ke1 Bf2+
:14.Kd2 (second time) Be3+
:15.Ke1 Bf2+
:16.Kd2 (third time)

15...Bf2+ is only a twofold repetition, as White lost their castling right only after 12.Kd2. Threefold repetition will be in effect on the next occurrence of the position.
{{clear}}

===Grandmaster draws===
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|Carlsen vs. Nakamura, 2021

|rd|nd|bd|qd|  |bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|kd|pd|pd|pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pd|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |  
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  
|pl|pl|pl|pl|kl|pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|  |bl|nl|rl
|Position after 2...Ke7, 4...Ke7 and 6...Ke7
}}
A [[Draw by agreement#Grandmaster draw|grandmaster draw]] is characterised as a short draw between high-level players, typically intended to hold position without the expenditure of mental energy. As short [[Draw by agreement|draws by agreement]] are sometimes frowned upon or outright banned in tournaments, some players circumvent such rules by playing out lines known to end in threefold repetition draws. The [[Berlin Defence (chess)#Berlin draw|Berlin draw]] in the [[Ruy Lopez]] is one of the more commonly used lines, while [[Magnus Carlsen]] and [[Hikaru Nakamura]] finished out a [[dead rubber]] at the [[Champions Chess Tour 2021#Magnus Carlsen Invitational|Magnus Carlsen Invitational]] with a variation of the [[Bongcloud Attack]] – Nakamura admitted that with both players secure in passage to the next round of the tournament he saw no value in attempting to force the win.
{{clear}}