Editing Timeline of historic inventions (section)

===Middle Paleolithic===
The evolution of [[early modern humans]] around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. During this 250,000-year period, our related [[archaic humans]] such as [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovans]] began to spread out of Africa, joined later by ''Homo sapiens''. Over the course of the period we see evidence of increasingly long-distance trade, religious rites, and other behavior associated with [[Behavioral modernity]].
* '''279 kya:''' [[Hafting]] and early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia<ref name="SahlePLOS1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |editor1-last=Petraglia |editor1-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e78092 |year=2013 |pmid=24236011 |pmc=3827237 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''200 kya:''' Simple glue ([[adhesive]]) made of one kind of material, birch tar, in Central Italy by Neanderthals.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Schmidt, P. |author2=Blessing, M. |author3=Rageot, M. |author4=Iovita, R. |author5=Pfleging, J. |author6=Nickel, K. G. |author7=Righetti, L. |author8=Tennie, C.|title=Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.1911137116|pmid=31427508|volume=116|pmc=6731756|year=2019|issue=36|pages=17707–17711|bibcode=2019PNAS..11617707S |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''200 kya:''' [[Bed]]s in South Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds |language=en |work=phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2020 |title=The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents |work=Science News |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-grass-beds-insect-repellent |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Esteban |first2=Irene |last3=Peña |first3=Paloma de la |last4=Wojcieszak |first4=Marine |last5=Stratford |first5=Dominic |last6=Lennox |first6=Sandra |last7=d'Errico |first7=Francesco |last8=Rosso |first8=Daniela Eugenia |last9=Orange |first9=François |last10=Backwell |first10=Lucinda |last11=Sievers |first11=Christine |date=14 August 2020 |title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc7239 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6505 |pages=863–866 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32792402 |s2cid=221113832 |access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>
* '''170 kya – 90 kya:''' [[History of clothing and textiles|Clothing]], among anatomically modern humans in Africa. Genetic evidence from body lice suggests a range of dates centering over 100 thousand years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq234 | pmid=20823373 | title=Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa |year=2011 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=28 | pages=29–32 |pmc=3002236 | last1=Toups | first1=M. A. | last2=Kitchen | first2=A. | last3=Light | first3=J. E. | last4=Reed | first4=D. L.}}</ref> The first [[Bone tool|bone scrapers]] appropriate for scraping hides to make supple leather were found in Morocco dating to 90–120,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hallett, Emily Y. |display-authors=et al. |date=16 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=[[iScience]] |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TG-20210916">{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=16 September 2021 |title=Scientists find evidence of humans making clothes 120,000 years ago - Tools and bones in Moroccan cave could be some of earliest evidence of the hallmark human behaviour |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |url-status=live |accessdate=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228095707/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |archive-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
* '''164 kya – 47 kya:''' Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1175028 |pmid=19679810|title=Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5942|pages=859–862|year=2009|last1=Brown|first1=K. S.|last2=Marean|first2=C. W.|last3=Herries|first3=A. I. R.|last4=Jacobs|first4=Z.|last5=Tribolo|first5=C.|last6=Braun|first6=D.|last7=Roberts|first7=D. L.|last8=Meyer|first8=M. C.|last9=Bernatchez|first9=J.|bibcode=2009Sci...325..859B|hdl=11422/11102|s2cid=43916405|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
* '''135 kya – 100 kya:''' [[Bead]]s in Israel and [[Algeria]]<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1128139 |pmid=16794076 |title=Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria |year=2006 |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5781 |pages=1785–1788 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1785V |last1=Vanhaereny |first1=M. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=James |first4=Sarah L. |last5=Todd |first5=Jonathan A. |last6=Mienis |first6=Henk K.|s2cid=31098527 }}</ref> — implying string or thread
* '''100 kya:''' Compound [[paint]]s made in South Africa<ref name="bbc.com-15257259">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Amos |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15257259 |date=13 October 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Washington Post-2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL">{{cite news |last=Vastag |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Vastag |title=South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/african-cave-yields-paint-from-dawn-of-humanity/2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL_story.html |date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Henshilwood et al. 2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Henshilwood | first1 = Christopher S. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6053| pages = 219–222 | doi = 10.1126/science.1211535 | pmid = 21998386 | bibcode = 2011Sci...334..219H| s2cid = 40455940 }}</ref>
* '''100 kya:''' Funerals (in the form of [[burial]]) in Israel<ref name="lieberman2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&pg=PA163 |title=Uniquely Human page 163 |access-date=25 March 2011|isbn=9780674921832 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Philip |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>
* '''90 kya:''' [[Harpoon]]s in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire |date=28 April 1995 |last=Yellen |first=JE |author2=AS Brooks |author3=E Cornelissen |author4=MJ Mehlman |author5=K Stewart |journal=Science |volume=268 |pages=553–556 |issue=5210 |doi=10.1126/science.7725100 |pmid=7725100|bibcode=1995Sci...268..553Y}}</ref>
* '''70 kya – 60 kya''' in [[Sibudu Cave]] in South Africa by ''Homo sapiens'':
** [[Adhesive|Compound adhesives]]<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |pmid=19433786 |date=Jun 2009|author1=Wadley, L |author2=Hodgskiss, T |author3=Grant, M |title=Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9590–4 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900957106 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |pmc=2700998|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9590W|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wadley|first=Lyn|title=Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age|journal=Current Anthropology|date=1 June 2010|volume=51|issue=s1|pages=S111–S119|doi=10.1086/649836|s2cid=56253913}}</ref>
** [[Arrow]]s and other evidence of bow-and-arrow technology<ref name="Lombard">{{Cite journal|title=Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=325 |pages=635–648 |year=2010 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00100134 |vauthors=Lombard M, Phillips L|s2cid=162438490 }}</ref><ref name="Lombard M">{{Cite journal|title=Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 kya: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 |vauthors=Lombard M |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1918–1930|bibcode=2011JArSc..38.1918L }}</ref><ref name="Backwell2018">{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = Bradfield | first2 = J | last3 = Carlson | first3 = KJ | last4 = Jashashvili | first4 = T | last5 = Wadley | first5 = L | last6 = d'Errico | first6 = F | year = 2018 | title = The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 92 | issue = 362| pages = 289–303 | doi = 10.15184/aqy.2018.11 |doi-access=free| hdl = 11336/81248 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
** [[Sewing needle]]<ref name="Backwell">{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = d'Errico | first2 = F | last3 = Wadley | first3 = L | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006| bibcode = 2008JArSc..35.1566B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |year=2008 |title=The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave |journal=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series |volume=10}}</ref> (implying thread of some kind)
* '''61 kya – 62 kya:''' [[Cave painting]] in [[Spain]] by [[Neanderthal]]<ref name=Hoffmann2018>
{{cite journal |author1=D. L. Hoffmann |author2=C. D. Standish |author3=M. García-Diez |author4=P. B. Pettitt |author5=J. A. Milton |author6=J. Zilhão |author7=J. J. Alcolea-González |author8=P. Cantalejo-Duarte |author9=H. Collado |author10=R. de Balbín |author11=M. Lorblanchet |author12=J. Ramos-Muñoz |author13=G.-Ch. Weniger |author14=A. W. G. Pike |year=2018 |title=U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6378 |pages=912–915 |doi=10.1126/science.aap7778|doi-access=free |pmid=29472483 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..912H |hdl=10498/21578 |hdl-access=free }} 
"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum
ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in [[Cave of Maltravieso|Maltravieso (Extremadura)]], and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."</ref>
* '''55.8–51.2 kya:''' [[Representation (arts)|Representational]] and [[Narrative art]] in [[Indonesia]] by ''Homo sapiens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |language=en |pages=814–818 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |pmid=38961284 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}</ref>