Editing Tisha B'Av (section)

===Other calamities===
Over time, Tisha B'Av has come to be a Jewish day of mourning, not only for these events, but also for later tragedies that occurred on or near the 9th of Av. References to some of these events appear in liturgy composed for Tisha B'Av (see below). Note that dates prior to 1582 are in the [[Julian calendar]], not the [[Gregorian calendar]].

*The [[Crusades|First Crusade]] officially commenced on 15 August 1096 (Av 24, AM 4856), [[Pogroms of 1096|killing 10,000 Jews]] in its first month and destroying Jewish communities in [[France]] and the [[Rhineland]].<ref name="Ohr"/><ref name="Erbstösser">{{cite book|last=Erbstösser|first=Martin|title=The Crusades|year=1978|publisher=Brunel House|location=UK|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCbAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-0876633311}}</ref>
*The Jews were [[Edict of Expulsion|expelled]] from [[England]] on 18 July 1290 (Av 9, AM 5050).<ref name="Ohr" />
*The Jews were [[History of the Jews in France#The Great Exile of 1306|expelled from France]] on 22 July 1306 (Av 10, AM 5066).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-1306-king-philip-expels-all-france-s-jews-1.5413718|title=This Day In Jewish History 1306: King Philip 'The Fair' Expels All France's Jews|first=David B.|last=Green|date=22 July 2016|newspaper=Haaretz}}</ref>
*The Jews were [[Alhambra Decree|expelled]] from [[Spain]] on 31 July 1492 (Av 7, AM 5252).<ref name="Barclay">{{cite book |title=Guidelines: Over Four Hundred of the Most Commonly Asked Questions About the Three Weeks |last1=Barclay |first1=Rabbi Elozor |last2=Jaeger |first2=Rabbi Yitzchok |year=2003 |publisher=[[Targum Press]] |isbn=1-56871-254-5}}. Note that 31 July is the [[Julian calendar]] date; corrected for the [[Gregorian calendar]] it would be 10 August.</ref>
*Germany entered [[World War I]] on 1–2 August 1914 (Av 9–10, AM 5674), which caused massive upheaval in European Jewry and whose aftermath led to World War II and [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Ohr" />
* On 2 August 1941 (Av 9, AM 5701), SS commander [[Heinrich Himmler]] formally received approval from the Nazi Party for "[[The Final Solution]]," which marked the beginning of the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] during which almost one third of the world's Jewish population was murdered.<ref name="TheUs">{{cite web|url=https://www.theus.org.uk/sites/default/files/9TH%20AV%20SLIDE%20SHOW_ie_ml.pdf|title=The three weeks, Tisha B'av (9th of Av) and the month of Av in general|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917110433/https://www.theus.org.uk/sites/default/files/9TH%20AV%20SLIDE%20SHOW_ie_ml.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*On 23 July 1942 (Av 9, AM 5702), the mass deportation of Jews from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] to [[Treblinka]] began.<ref name="TheUs" />
*The [[AMIA bombing]] on the Jewish community center in [[Buenos Aires]], killed 85 and injured 300 on 18 July 1994 (10 Av, AM 5754).<ref>{{cite news|last=Kreiman|first=Claudia|title=Grief and Consolation in the Month of Av (Isaiah 40:1–26)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-claudia-kreiman/grief-and-consolation-in-_b_3605073.html|date=15 September 2013|agency=Huffington Post}}</ref>

While the [[Holocaust]] spanned a number of years, religious communities use Tisha B'Av to mourn its 6,000,000 Jewish victims, either in addition to or instead of the secular [[Holocaust Memorial Days]] such as [[Yom HaShoah]]. On Tisha B'Av, communities that otherwise do not modify the traditional prayer liturgy have added the recitation of special ''[[kinnot]]'' related to the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=":0" />[[File:Tisha beav.png|thumb|Tisha b'Av prayers (1740)]]Similarly, within [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] communities, the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]] is mourned on Tisha B'Av as well, a practice supported by Religious Zionist rabbis like [[Yaakov Ariel]] and [[Dov Lior]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=יהדות, שיעורים, זמנים |url=https://www.yeshiva.org.il/?ignoreuniversal=1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=אתר ישיבה |language=he}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-05 |title=גוש קטיף וט' באב {{!}} שאל את הרב |url=https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91/%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a9-%d7%a7%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a3-%d7%95%d7%98-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=כיפה |language=he-IL}}</ref> [[Kinah|Kinnot]] have been composed about the withdrawal,<ref>{{Cite web |title=קינות גוש קטיף לתשעה באב – מוזיאון גוש קטיף |url=https://gushkatifmuseum.com/%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%92%d7%95%d7%a9-%d7%a7%d7%98%d7%99%d7%a3-%d7%9c%d7%aa%d7%a9%d7%a2%d7%94-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=קינה על גוש קטיף • הקול היהודי |url=https://www.hakolhayehudi.co.il/item/Jewish_life/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=• הקול היהודי |language=he}}</ref> and the connection to Tisha b'Av was emphasized in 10-year anniversary commemorations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-Porat |first=Ido |date=Jul 21, 2015 |title='Disengagement Joins 5 Tragedies of Tisha B'Av' |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/198429 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.israelnationalnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-03 |title=Revisiting the Gaza Withdrawal, 10 Years Later |url=https://forward.com/israel/318228/gaza-withdrawal-10-years-later/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref> Although the disengagement operation had been delayed specifically to avoid coinciding with [[The Three Weeks]] and Tisha b'Av, the timing lent itself to symbolic interpretation both by Religious Zionists and by wider Jewish culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YR4_DQAAQBAJ |title=The Menorah: From the Bible to Modern Israel |date=2016-11-21 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-08879-5 |pages=221–222 |language=en}}</ref> However, even within Religious Zionism, [[Chaim Navon]] holds that the disengagement did not rise to the level of a calamity<ref>{{Cite web |title=יהדות, שיעורים, זמנים |url=https://www.yeshiva.org.il/?ignoreuniversal=1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=אתר ישיבה |language=he}}</ref> and [[Shlomo Aviner]] has written that mourning the disengagement on Tisha b'Av is forbidden because it incites political division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-27 |title=במה לעסוק בט' באב? הרב אבינר משיב |url=https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91/1096594-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7-%D7%91%D7%98-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=כיפה |language=he-IL}}</ref> [[Yona Metzger]], then [[Chief Rabbi of Israel|Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Israel]], ruled in 2006 that the disengagement was a tragedy but mourning rituals should not be integrated into Tisha b'Av,<ref>{{Cite web |title=קביעת תענית וקינות על חורבן גוש קטיף |url=https://zomet.org.il/thumin/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA-%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A3-2/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=צומת |language=he-IL}}</ref> while [[Howard Jachter]] permits it in narrow fashion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gray Matter IV, Israel, Gush Katif Fasting and Kinnot 1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Gray_Matter_IV,_Israel,_Gush_Katif_Fasting_and_Kinnot.1 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.sefaria.org}}</ref>

Kinnot regarding the [[2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] have also been added to the Tisha b'Av liturgy.<ref name="Hajdenbigger-A000"></ref><ref name="Harkovigger-A000"></ref>