Editing Toothbrush (section)

===Toothbrush===
The first [[bristle]] toothbrush resembling the modern one was found in China.<ref name=kumar-412413>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Jayanth V. |title=Textbook of preventive and community dentistry |year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-81-312-2530-1 |pages=412–413 |edition=2nd |chapter=Oral hygiene aids}}</ref> Used during the [[Tang dynasty]] (619–907), it consisted of hog bristles.<ref>{{cite book |title=Primary preventive dentistry |year=1999 |publisher=Appleton & Lange |location=Stamford |isbn=978-0-8385-8129-2 |edition=5th |editor1=Harris, Norman O. |editor2=García-Godoy, Franklin |url=https://archive.org/details/primarypreventiv0000harr_h7c0 }}</ref> The bristles were sourced from hogs living in Siberia and northern China because the colder temperatures provided firmer bristles. They were attached to a handle manufactured from bamboo or bone, forming a toothbrush.<ref name="origins" /> In 1223, Japanese [[Zen]] master [[Dōgen]] Kigen recorded in his ''[[Shōbōgenzō]]'' that he saw monks in [[China]] clean their teeth with brushes made of horsetail hairs attached to an oxbone handle. The bristle toothbrush spread to Europe, brought from China to Europe by travellers.<ref name="The Library of Congress">{{cite web|publisher=The Library of Congress |date=2007-04-04 |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html |title=Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented? |access-date=2008-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053746/http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html |archive-date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> It was adopted in Europe during the 17th century.<ref name="stay">{{cite book |last=Stay |first=Flora Parsa |title=The fibromyalgia dental handbook: A practical guide to maintaining peak dental health |year=2005 |publisher=Marlowe & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56924-401-2 |page=118}}</ref> The earliest identified use of the word toothbrush in English was in the autobiography of [[Anthony Wood (antiquary)|Anthony Wood]] who wrote in 1690 that he had bought a toothbrush from J. Barret.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olmert|first=Michael|title=Milton's Teeth & Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser and Curiouser Adventures in History|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-80164-7|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme/page/62 62]|url=https://archive.org/details/miltonsteethovid00olme/page/62}}</ref> Europeans found the hog bristle toothbrushes imported from China too firm and preferred softer bristle toothbrushes made from horsehair.<ref name="origins" /> Mass-produced toothbrushes made with horse or boar bristle continued to be imported to Britain from China until the mid 20th century.<ref name=sammons-223 />
[[File:'Indexo' finger toothbrush, New York, United States, 1901-19 Wellcome L0058113.jpg|thumb|'Indexo' finger toothbrush, New York, United States, 1901–1919. It is made entirely of rubber, which has been shaped to fit over the index finger.]]
[[File:Toothbrush1899Paris.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A photo from 1899 showing the use of a toothbrush.]]

In the UK, [[William Addis (entrepreneur)|William Addis]] is believed to have produced the first mass-produced toothbrush in 1780.<ref name="The Library of Congress" /><ref name=Dentistry>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventions/a/dentistry_2.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713172145/http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventions/a/dentistry_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 13, 2012|title=History of the Toothbrush and Toothpaste|author=Mary Bellis|publisher=About.com Money}}</ref> In 1770, he had been jailed for causing a riot. While in prison he decided that using a [[textile|rag]] with [[soot]] and [[salt]] on the teeth was ineffective and could be improved. After saving a small [[bone]] from a meal, he drilled small holes into the bone and tied into the bone tufts of bristles that he had obtained from one of the guards, passed the tufts of bristle through the holes in the bone and sealed the holes with glue. After his release, he became wealthy after starting a business manufacturing toothbrushes. He died in 1808, bequeathing the business to his eldest son. It remained within family ownership until 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.addis.co.uk/our-history |title=History of ADDIS |publisher=addis.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028094022/http://www.addis.co.uk/our-history |archive-date=2014-10-28 }}</ref> Under the name Wisdom Toothbrushes, the company now manufactures 70 million toothbrushes per year in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Cambridge/New-jobs-joy-in-toothbrushes.htm|title=New jobs joy in toothbrushes|website=Cambridge News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525235443/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Cambridge/New-jobs-joy-in-toothbrushes.htm|archive-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> By 1840 toothbrushes were being mass-produced in Britain, France, Germany, and Japan.<ref name=Addis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wisdom-toothbrushes.co.uk/learning-centre/history.html|title=The history of the toothbrush|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630192218/http://www.wisdom-toothbrushes.co.uk/learning-centre/history.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=June 30, 2012}}</ref> Pig bristles were used for cheaper toothbrushes and badger hair for the more expensive ones.<ref name=Addis />

[[Hertford Museum]] in Hertford, UK, holds approximately 5000 brushes that make up part of the Addis Collection. The Addis factory on Ware Road was a major employer in the town until 1996. Since the closure of the factory, Hertford Museum has received photographs and documents relating to the archive, and collected oral histories from former employees.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hertfordmuseum.org/page73.html |title = The Addis Company}}</ref>

The first [[patent]] for a toothbrush was granted to H.N. Wadsworth in 1857 (U.S.A. Patent No. 18,653) in the United States, but mass production in the United States did not start until 1885. The improved design had a bone handle with holes bored into it for the Siberian [[boar]] hair bristles. Unfortunately, animal bristle was not an ideal material as it retained [[bacteria]], did not dry efficiently and the bristles often fell out. In addition to bone, handles were made of wood or ivory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ada.org/1321.aspx |title=Toothbrushes&nbsp;– American Dental Association |publisher=ADA.org |date=2010-02-04 |access-date=2013-05-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112095938/http://www.ada.org/1321.aspx |archive-date=2012-11-12 }}</ref> In the United States, brushing teeth did not become routine until after [[World War II]], when American soldiers had to clean their teeth daily.<ref name=Dentistry />
[[File:Toothbrush teaching 1.jpg|thumb|right|A child being shown how to use a toothbrush.]]

During the 1900s, celluloid gradually replaced bone handles.<ref name=kumar-412413 /> Natural animal bristles were also replaced by [[synthetic fiber]]s, usually [[nylon]], by [[DuPont]] in 1938. The first nylon bristle toothbrush made with nylon yarn went on sale on February 24, 1938. The first [[electric toothbrush]], the Broxodent, was invented in Switzerland in 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html |title=Who invented the toothbrush and when was it? (Everyday Mysteries: Fun Science Facts from the Library of Congress) |publisher=Library of Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053746/http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html |archive-date=2008-04-11 }}</ref> By the turn of the 21st century nylon had come to be widely used for the bristles and the handles were usually molded from [[thermoplastic]] materials.<ref name=sammons-223 />

[[Johnson & Johnson]], a leading medical supplies firm, introduced the "[[Reach (brand)|Reach]]" toothbrush in 1977.<ref name="tribune1991">{{cite news |last=Lazarus |first=George |date=1991-08-13 |title=P&G Puts Its Crest On A Toothbrush |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/08/13/pg-puts-its-crest-on-a-toothbrush/ |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |location=[[Chicago]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123021148/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1991-08-13/business/9103280368_1_toothbrush-market-procter-gamble-crest |archive-date=2016-01-23 |access-date=2016-01-23 }}</ref> It differed from previous toothbrushes in three ways: it had an angled head, similar to dental instruments, to reach back teeth; the bristles were concentrated more closely than usual to clean each tooth of potentially [[Dental caries|cariogenic]] (cavity-causing) materials; and the outer bristles were longer and softer than the inner bristles. Other manufacturers soon followed with other designs aimed at improving effectiveness.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} In spite of the changes with the number of tufts and the spacing, the handle form and design, the bristles were still straight and difficult to maneuver. In 1978 Dr. George C. Collis developed the Collis Curve toothbrush which was the first toothbrush to have curved bristles. The curved bristles follow the curvature of the teeth and safely reach in between the teeth and into the [[gingival sulcus|sulcular]] areas.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilkins|first1=E. M.|title=Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 5th ed|date=1983|publisher=Lea and Febiger|location=Philadelphia|page=308}}</ref>

In January 2003, the toothbrush was selected as the number one invention [[United States|Americans]] could not live without according to the [[Jerome H. Lemelson|Lemelson]]-[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Invention Index.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-03index.html |title=2003 Invention Index |access-date=2009-05-20 |date=2003-01-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628194042/http://web.mit.edu/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-03index.html |archive-date=2009-06-28 }}</ref>