Editing Tram (section)

===Horse-drawn===
{{Main|Horsecar}}
[[File:Horsetrain 1870.jpg|thumb|A horse-drawn tram operated by [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway]], 1870. Established in 1804, the railway service was the world's first.]]
[[File:Milano inauguraz tram Monza.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the [[Milan]]–[[Monza]] tramway, 1876.]]
The world's first passenger train or tram was the [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway]], in [[Wales]], UK. The British Parliament passed the Mumbles Railway Act in 1804, and horse-drawn service started in 1807.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.welshwales.co.uk/mumbles_railway_swansea.htm |title=The Swansea and Mumbles Railway – the world's first railway service |publisher=Welshwales.co.uk |access-date=8 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626140319/http://www.welshwales.co.uk/mumbles_railway_swansea.htm |archive-date=26 June 2007}}</ref> The service closed in 1827, but was restarted in 1860, again using horses.{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|p=15}} It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by very large (106-seat) electric tramcars, until closure in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Robin |date=26 March 2015 |title=Could the Mumbles Railway make a come back? |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/could-mumbles-train-make-come-8929957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813192046/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/could-mumbles-train-make-come-8929957 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Media Wales#WalesOnline|WalesOnline]] |language=en}}</ref> The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was something of a one-off however, and no street tramway appeared in Britain until 1860 when one was built in [[Birkenhead Corporation Tramways|Birkenhead]] by the American [[George Francis Train]].{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|p=23}}

Street railways developed in America before Europe, due to the poor [[Road surface|paving]] of the streets in American cities which made them unsuitable for [[horsebus]]es, which were then common on the well-paved streets of European cities. Running the horsecars on rails allowed for a much smoother ride. There are records of a street railway running in [[Baltimore]] as early as 1828, however the first authenticated streetcar in America, was the [[New York and Harlem Railroad]] developed by the Irish coach builder [[John Stephenson (coachbuilder)|John Stephenson]], in New York City which began service in the year 1832.{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|pp=16–17}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/builders/stephenson1.htm |title=The John Stephenson Car Co |access-date=25 February 2009 |publisher=[[Mid-Continent Railway Museum]] }}</ref> The New York and Harlem Railroad's [[Fourth Avenue Line (Manhattan surface)|Fourth Avenue Line]] ran along the [[Bowery]] and [[Fourth Avenue (Manhattan)|Fourth Avenue]] in New York City. It was followed in 1835 by the [[New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad]] in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]],{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|p=18}} which still operates as the [[St. Charles Streetcar Line]]. Other American cities did not follow until the 1850s, after which the "animal railway" became an increasingly common feature in the larger towns.{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|p=18}}

<!-- The first tram in Continental Europe opened in France in 1839 between [[Montbrison, Loire|Montbrison]] and [[Montrond-les-Bains|Montrond]], on the streets inside the towns, and on the roadside outside town. It had permission for steam traction, but was entirely run with horse traction. In 1848, it was closed down after repeated economic failure..........No reference given for this claim, and it is contradicted by many sources but please unhide this if a suitable reference is found --> 
The first permanent tram line in continental Europe was opened in Paris in 1855 by [[Alphonse Loubat]] who had previously worked on American streetcar lines.{{sfn|Dunbar|1967|p=21}} The tram was developed in numerous cities of Europe (some of the most extensive systems were found in Berlin, [[Budapest]], [[Birmingham Corporation Tramways|Birmingham]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Lisbon]], [[London County Council Tramways|London]], [[Manchester Corporation Tramways|Manchester]], [[Tramways in Paris#History|Paris]], [[Trams in Kyiv|Kyiv]]).
The first tram in South America opened in 1858 in [[List of town tramway systems in Chile|Santiago, Chile]]. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in [[Trams in Sydney|Sydney]]. Africa's first tram service started in [[Trams in Alexandria|Alexandria]] on 8 January 1863. The first trams in Asia opened in 1869 in [[Trams in Asia|Batavia (Jakarta), Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)]].

Limitations of horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with storing and then disposing. Since a typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar. In 1905 the British newspaper ''Newcastle Daily Chronicle'' reported that, "A large number of London's discarded horse tramcars have been sent to [[Lincolnshire]] where they are used as sleeping rooms for [[Farmworker|potato pickers]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=Near and far |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001634/19050823/112/0006 |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Newcastle Daily Chronicle |agency=British Newspaper Archive |url-access=subscription |date=23 August 1905 |page=6 col.5}}</ref>
[[File:The last of the Horse Drawn Carriages.JPG|thumb|Horse-drawn trams continued to be used in [[New York City]] until 1917.]]
Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century, and many large metropolitan lines lasted into the early 20th century. New York City had a regular horsecar service on the [[Bleecker Street Line]] until its closure in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/ccmiscnpart.html#nylasthc|title=The Cable Car Home Page – Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles|website=www.cable-car-guy.com}}</ref> [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], had its Sarah Street line drawn by horses until 1923. The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in [[Sulphur Rock, Arkansas]], until 1926 and were commemorated by a [[U.S. postage stamp]] issued in 1983.<ref name="encyclopediaofarkansas">{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3727 |title=Sulphur Rock Street Car |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture |access-date=23 December 2008}}</ref> The last mule tram service in [[Mexico City]] ended in 1932, and a mule tram in [[Celaya, Mexico]], survived until 1954.<ref name="morrison_celaya">{{cite web |url=http://www.tramz.com/mx/ce/ce.html |title=The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya |first=Allen |last=Morrison |access-date=22 December 2008}}</ref> The last horse-drawn tram to be withdrawn from public service in the UK took passengers from [[Fintona]] railway station to Fintona Junction one mile away on the main Omagh to Enniskillen railway in Northern Ireland. The tram made its last journey on 30 September 1957 when the Omagh to Enniskillen line closed. The "van" is preserved at the [[Ulster Transport Museum]].

Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built [[Douglas Bay Horse Tramway]] on the [[Isle of Man]], and at the 1894-built [[Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram|horse tram]] at [[Victor Harbor, South Australia|Victor Harbor]] in [[South Australia]]. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the [[Hokkaido]] Museum in Japan and also in [[Disneyland]]. A horse-tram route in [[Poland|Polish]] [[gmina Mrozy]], first built in 1902, was reopened in 2012.