Editing Triumphal arch (section)

===Post-Roman triumphal arches===
[[File:NapoliMaschioAngioinoIngresso.jpg|thumb|[[Castel Nuovo|Arco di Trionfo di Castel Nuovo]] in [[Naples]], a Renaissance triumphal arch integrated into a [[gatehouse]], built to commemorate [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso of Aragon]]'s victorious entry into Naples]]
{{See also|List of post-Roman triumphal arches}}
Roman triumphal arches remained a source of fascination well after the fall of Rome, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power, that was especially appealing to [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s. At [[Lorsch Abbey]], the triple-arched ''Torhalle'' was built in deliberate imitation of a Roman triumphal arch to signify continuity between the [[Carolingian Empire]] and its Roman predecessor. In the now dismantled [[City Gate of Capua]] of the 1230s, the Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] attempted a triumphal arch in the idiom of [[Romanesque architecture]].<ref>[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/porta-di-capua_(Federiciana)/ "Capua, Porta di"], Mario D'Onofrio, ''Federiciana'', 2005, online at [[Treccani]]</ref> It was not until the coming of the [[Renaissance]], however, that rulers sought to associate themselves systematically with the Roman legacy by building their own triumphal arches. 

Probably the earliest large recreation was the "Aragonese Arch" at the [[Castel Nuovo]] in [[Naples]], erected by [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] in 1470, supposedly to commemorate his taking over the kingdom in 1443, although like the later [[Porta Capuana]] this was a new façade for the gateway to the castle. By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. The motif of the triumphal arch was also adapted and incorporated into the façades of public buildings such as city halls and churches.<ref>Summerson, 23-24, 34-35</ref><ref name="Pollak">{{cite book|last=Pollak|first=Martha|title=Cities at War in Early Modern Europe|pages=244–265|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-11344-1}}</ref>

Temporary triumphal arches made of [[lath]] and plaster were often erected for [[royal entries]]. Unlike the individual arches erected for Roman conquerors, Renaissance rulers often built a row of arches through which processions were staged. They defined a space for the movement of people and denoted significant sites at which particular messages were conveyed at each stage. Newly elected [[pope]]s, for instance, processed through the streets of Rome under temporary triumphal arches built specially for the occasion. Arches were also built for dynastic weddings; when [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]] married [[Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain]] in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the [[House of Savoy]] and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with the imperial Roman past.<ref name="Pollak" />

Temporary wooden triumphal arches were also built in [[Malta]] for ceremonies in which a newly elected [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitaller]] [[List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] took possession of [[Mdina]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Briffa |first1=Joseph A. |title=Pietro Paolo Troisi (1686–1750): A Maltese Baroque Artist |journal=Baroque Routes |date=January 2006 |issue=6 |pages=9–17 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/40217/1/Pietro_Paolo_Troisi_%281686-1750%29_a_Maltese_Baroque_artist_2006.pdf}}</ref> and sometimes [[Birgu]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thake |first1=Conrad |title=Architectural scenography in 18th-century Mdina |journal=Proceedings of History Week |date=1994 |pages=63–76 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/21882/3/CT%20Architectural%20Scenography%20in%2018th%20century%20Mdina.pdf |publisher=Malta Historical Society}}</ref>
[[File:Ehrenpforte.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Triumphal Arch (woodcut)|Ehrenpforte Maximilians I]]'', [[woodcut]]. [[Albrecht Dürer]], 1515; purely a paper arch, never meant to be built]]

Images of arches gained great importance as well. Although temporary arches were torn down after they had been used, they were recorded in great detail in engravings that were widely distributed and survived long after the original arches had been destroyed. The medium of engraving gave the viewer the opportunity to examine the allegories and inscriptions presented by the arches in a way that would not have been possible during the event.<ref name="Pollak" /> Sometimes the arches depicted were not even real structures but existed entirely as imaginary representations of royal propaganda. One famous example was the ''[[Triumphal Arch (woodcut)|Ehrenpforte Maximilians I]]'' by [[Albrecht Dürer]], commissioned by the Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. It was one of the largest prints ever produced, measuring {{convert|3.75|m|ft}} high and consisting of 192 individual sheets, depicting an arch that was never intended to be built. It was printed in an edition of 700 copies and distributed to be coloured and pasted on the walls of city halls or the palaces of princes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bartrum|first=Giulia|title=German Renaissance Prints, 1490-1550|publisher=British Museum Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7141-2604-3}}</ref>

The French led the way in building new permanent triumphal arches when the imperial ambitions of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] kings and [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] led to a spate of arch-building. By far the most famous arch from this period is the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris, built from 1806 to 1836, though it is consciously dissimilar from its Roman predecessors in omitting the customary ornamental columns – a lack that fundamentally changes the balance of the arch and gives it a distinctly "top-heavy" look.<ref name="Pollak" /> Other French arches more closely imitated those of imperial Rome; the [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]] in Paris, for instance, is a [[tetrapylon]] closely modelled on the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosenblum|first=Robert|title=Transformations in late eighteenth century art|url=https://archive.org/details/transformationsi00rose_0|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transformationsi00rose_0/page/131 131–132]|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1969|isbn=978-0-691-00302-3}}</ref>

Triumphal arches have continued to be built into the modern era, often as statements of power and self-aggrandizement by dictators. [[Adolf Hitler]] planned to build the world's largest triumphal arch in Berlin. The arch would have been vastly larger than any previously built, standing {{convert|550|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|92|ft|m}} deep and {{convert|392|ft|m}} high – big enough for the Arc de Triomphe to fit into it 49 times. It was intended to be carved with the names of Germany's 1.8 million dead in the First World War. However, construction was never begun.<ref>{{cite book|title=Adolf Hitler: a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music|last=Zalampas|first=Sherree Owens|page=81|publisher=Popular Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-87972-488-7}}</ref> [[North Korea]]'s dictator [[Kim Il Sung]] built the [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|world's largest triumphal arch]] in [[Pyongyang]] in 1982.<ref name="Grove Art" /> It was designed to be substantially bigger than the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was erected on the site where, on October 14, 1945, Kim Il Sung gave his first public speech to the North Korean people. It is decorated with sculptures and reliefs depicting "the triumphal returning of the victorious Great Leader to the country".<ref>{{cite book|title=North of the DMZ: essays on daily life in North Korea|page=83|last=Lankov|first=Alexei|publisher=McFarland|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7864-2839-7}}</ref>

The form of the triumphal arch has also been put to other purposes, notably the construction of monumental [[memorial gates and arches|memorial arches]] and [[city gate]]s such as the [[Brandenburg Gate]] in Berlin, the [[Washington Square Arch]] in [[New York City]], or the [[India Gate]] in [[New Delhi]], or simple welcoming arches such as [[Barcelona]]'s [[Arc de Triomf]], built as an entrance to the fairgrounds for the [[1888 World Fair]]. Although patterned after triumphal arches, these were built for quite different purposes – to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general.

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<gallery heights="180" caption="Post-Roman triumphal arches" mode="packed">
File:Porte Saint-Denis 01.jpg|The [[Porte Saint-Denis]] in [[Paris]], built in 1672 to commemorate the victories of [[Louis XIV of France]]
File:Brandenburger Tor Potsdam November 2013.jpg|The [[Brandenburg Gate (Potsdam)|Brandenburg Gate]] in [[Potsdam]], built in 1770–71 to commemorate [[Frederick the Great]]'s victory in the [[Seven Years' War]]
File:Paris - Jardin des Tuileries - Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel - PA00085992 - 003.jpg|The [[Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel]] in Paris, built in 1806–1808 to commemorate [[Napoleon]]'s victories
File:Narva Triumphal Arch.jpg|The [[Narva Triumphal Arch]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] by [[Giacomo Quarenghi]], built in 1814 to commemorate [[French invasion of Russia|Russia's victory over Napoleon]]
File:London Wellington Arch P1130942.jpg|The [[Wellington Arch]] in [[London]], built in 1826–1830 to commemorate Britain's victories in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]
File:Moscow 05-2017 img17 Triumphal Gate.jpg|The [[Triumphal Arch of Moscow|Triumphal Arch]] in [[Moscow]], built in 1829–1834 to commemorate [[Russian Empire|Russia]]'s [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|victory over Napoleon]] during the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812
File:Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch.jpg|The [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch]] in [[New York City]], built in 1889–1892 to commemorate the United States' victory over the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate Rebellion]]
File:Triumphal Arch Bucharest 1.jpg|The [[Arcul de Triumf]] in [[Bucharest]], built in 1922 to celebrate the victory in [[WWI]] and the coronation of [[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] and his wife [[Marie of Romania|Marie]]
File:L9998918-2.jpg|The [[Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)|Arch of Triumph]] in [[Pyongyang]], the second tallest triumphal arch in the world, built in 1982 to commemorate the [[Korean resistance to Japan]] from 1925 to 1945
</gallery>