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Tubercle
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==In animals== [[File:Phyllidia.jpg|thumb|right|Nudibranch ''[[Phyllidia varicosa]]'', clearly showing the yellow tubercles on the dorsum]] When it is used in relation to certain dorid [[nudibranch]]s such as ''[[Peltodoris nobilis]]'', it means the nodules on the dorsum of the animal. The tubercles in nudibranchs can present themselves in different ways: each tubercle in a single, rounded, conical or angular form; in a compound form of two or more levels; tubercles in amalgamated clusters; or as tubercles forming, or joined by a ridge.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Tubercles found on the leading edge of [[humpback whale]]s' flippers were demonstrated to improve fluid flow over the flipper's surface, exhibiting the [[tubercle effect]] of fluid dynamics.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1063/1.1688341 | title=Leading-edge tubercles delay stall on humpback whale ( ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' ) flippers | date=2004 | last1=Miklosovic | first1=D. S. | last2=Murray | first2=M. M. | last3=Howle | first3=L. E. | last4=Fish | first4=F. E. | journal=Physics of Fluids | volume=16 | issue=5 | pages=L39βL42 | bibcode=2004PhFl...16L..39M }}</ref> [[File:Edmontosaurusskin.jpg|thumb|right|Skin impression from the abdomen of the [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed]] [[dinosaur]] ''[[Edmontosaurus|Edmontosaurus annectens]]'', showing tubercular scales]] In [[dinosaur]]s, a tubercle is a general term for the scales seen in skin impressions. In [[hadrosaurid|duck-billed dinosaurs]], for example, three main types of tubercles are defined: small tubercles with no definite arrangement (ground tubercles); larger, [[polygon]]al tubercles (pavement tubercles) up to {{cvt|1|cm|in}} in diameter, which are grouped into clusters separated by ground tubercles; and [[limpet]]-shaped conical scutes.<ref name=LW42>{{cite book |last=Lull |first=Richard Swann |author-link=Richard Swann Lull |author2=Wright, Nelda E. |title=Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America |year=1942 |publisher=[[Geological Society of America]] |series=Geological Society of America Special Paper |volume=40 |pages=111β112 }}</ref> In fish, [[nuptial tubercles]] are formed on males for breeding. [[Nuptial pads]] on frogs also comprise [[keratin]]ised tubercles.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
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