Editing Turntablism (section)

===Direct-drive turntables===
{{See also|Direct-drive turntable|Technics (brand)}}

Turntablism has origins in the invention of [[direct-drive turntable]]s. Early [[belt-drive turntable]]s were unsuitable for turntablism, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage,<ref name="medium">{{Cite web|last=Coleman|first=Brian|date=January 7, 2016|title=The Technics 1200 — Hammer Of The Gods &#91;XXL, Fall 1998&#93;|url=https://medium.com/@briancoleman/the-technics-1200-hammer-of-the-gods-xxl-fall-1998-5b93180a67da|access-date=January 15, 2023|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LApZ8KV7bZAC&pg=PA43|title=The World of DJs and the Turntable Culture|date=2003|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=978-0-634-05833-2|page=43 }}</ref> The first direct-drive turntable was invented by Shuichi Obata, an engineer at [[Panasonic|Matsushita]] (now [[Panasonic]]),<ref>{{Cite periodical|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT140|magazine=Billboard Magazine|date=1977-05-21|publisher=Nielsen Business Media|page=140 | title=Tracking the next century's disk spinner | author= Steve Trainan }}</ref> based in [[Osaka]], Japan.<ref name="medium"/> It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite book|last1=Pinch|first1=Trevor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuRfLG0IedYC&pg=PA515|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sound Studies|last2=Bijsterveld|first2=Karin|date= 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-538894-7|page=515}}</ref> In 1969, Matsushita released it as the [[Technics (brand)|SP-10]],<ref name="oxford"/> the first direct-drive turntable on the market,<ref name="reverb">{{cite web|title=History of the Record Player Part II: The Rise and Fall|url=https://reverb.com/news/history-of-the-record-player-part-ii-the-rise-and-fall|website=[[Reverb.com]]| date=October 2015 |access-date=June 5, 2016 | first = Jess | last= Mayhew }}</ref> and the first in their influential [[Technics (brand)|Technics]] series of turntables.<ref name="oxford"/> In 1971, Matsushita released the Technics SL-1100. Due to its strong motor, durability, and fidelity, it was adopted by early hip hop artists.<ref name="oxford"/>

A forefather of turntablism was [[DJ Kool Herc]], an immigrant from [[Jamaica]] to New York City.<ref name="reverb"/> He introduced turntable techniques from Jamaican dub music,<ref name="cambridge"/> while developing new techniques made possible by the direct-drive turntable technology of the [[Technics (brand)|Technics SL-1100]], which he used for the first [[Sound system (Jamaican)|sound system]] he set up after emigrating to New York.<ref name="reverb"/> The signature technique he developed was playing two copies of the same record on two turntables in alternation to extend the [[Breakdancing|b-dancers]]' favorite section,<ref name="cambridge"/> switching back and forth between the two to [[Music loop|loop]] the [[Break (music)|breaks]] to a rhythmic beat.<ref name="reverb"/>

The most influential turntable was the [[Technics SL-1200]],<ref name="wired">{{Cite magazine|last=Blashill|first=Pat|title=Six Machines That Changed The Music World|language=en-US|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2002/05/blackbox/|access-date=January 15, 2023|date=May 2002}}</ref> which was developed in 1971 by a team led by Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in 1972.<ref name="medium"/> It was adopted by New York City hip hop DJs such as [[Grand Wizard Theodore]] and [[Afrika Bambaataa]] in the 1970s. As they experimented with the SL-1200 decks, they developed scratching techniques when they found that the motor would continue to spin at the correct [[revolutions per minute|RPM]] even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter.<ref name="wired"/> Since then, turntablism spread widely in hip hop culture, and the SL-1200 remained the most widely used turntable in DJ culture for the next several decades.<ref name="oxford"/><ref name="wired"/>