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=== Glucose transporter (GLUTs) === The glucose transporter (GLUTs) is a type of uniporter responsible for the [[facilitated diffusion]] of glucose molecules across cell membranes.<ref name="Olson AL">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson AL, Pessin JE |title=Structure, function, and regulation of the mammalian facilitative glucose transporter gene family |journal=Annu Rev Nutr |volume=16 |issue= |pages=235β56 |date=1996 |pmid=8839927 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315 }}</ref>[[Glucose]] is a vital energy source for most living cells, however, due to its large size, it cannot freely move through the cell membrane.<ref name="Navale AM">{{cite journal |vauthors=Navale AM, Paranjape AN |title=Glucose transporters: physiological and pathological roles |journal=Biophys Rev |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=5β9 |date=March 2016 |pmid=28510148 |pmc=5425736 |doi=10.1007/s12551-015-0186-2 }}</ref> The glucose transporter is specialized in transporting glucose specifically across the membrane. The GLUT proteins have several types of [[Protein isoform|isoforms]], each distributed in different [[Tissue (biology)|tissues]] and exhibiting different [[Chemical kinetics|kinetic properties.]]<ref name="Navale AM" /> [[File:Glucose-6-phosphatase system.svg|thumb|Glucose transporter]] GLUTs are [[integral membrane protein]]s composed of [[Alpha helix|12 Ξ±-helix membrane spanning regions]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> The GLUT proteins are encoded by the [[SLA2|SLC2 genes]] and categorized into three classes based on [[Protein primary structure|amino acid sequence]] similarity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mueckler M, Thorens B |title=The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters |journal=Mol Aspects Med |volume=34 |issue=2β3 |pages=121β38 |date=2013 |pmid=23506862 |pmc=4104978 |doi=10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001 }}</ref> Humans have been found to express fourteen GLUT proteins. Class I GLUTs include [[GLUT1]], one of the most studied isoforms, and [[GLUT2]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> GLUT1 is found in various tissues like the [[red blood cell]]s, [[brain]], and [[Bloodβbrain barrier|blood-brain barrier]] and is responsible for basal [[glucose uptake]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> GLUT2 is predominantly found in the [[liver]], [[pancreas]], and [[small intestine]]s.<ref name="Navale AM" /> It plays an important role in insulin secretion from [[Beta cell|pancreatic beta cells]]. Class II includes the [[GLUT3]] and [[GLUT4]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> GLUT3, primarily found in the brain, [[neuron]]s and [[placenta]], has a high [[Affinity electrophoresis|affinity]] for glucose in facilitating glucose uptake into neurons.<ref name="Navale AM" /> [[GLUT4]] plays a role in insulin-regulated glucose uptake and is mainly found in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle and [[adipose tissue]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> Class III includes [[GLUT5]], found in the [[small intestine]], [[kidney]], [[Testicle|testes]], and [[skeletal muscle]].<ref name="Navale AM" /> Unlike the other GLUTs, GLUT5 specifically transports [[fructose]] rather than glucose.<ref name="Navale AM" /> Glucose transporters allow glucose molecules to move down their concentration gradient from areas of high glucose concentration to areas of low concentration. This process often involves bringing glucose from the [[extracellular space]] or [[blood]] into the cell. The concentration gradient set up by glucose concentrations fuels the process without the need for ATP.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Carruthers A |title=Facilitated diffusion of glucose |journal=Physiol Rev |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=1135β76 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2217557 |doi=10.1152/physrev.1990.70.4.1135 }}</ref> When glucose binds to the glucose transporter, the protein channels change shape and undergo a conformational change to transport the glucose across the membrane. Once the glucose unbinds, the protein returns to its original shape. The glucose transporter is essential for carrying out physiological processes that require high energy demands in the brain, muscles, and kidneys by providing an adequate amount of energy substrate for [[metabolism]]. [[Diabetes]], an example of a condition that involves glucose metabolism, highlights the importance of the regulation of glucose uptake in disease management.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jiang S, Young JL, Wang K, Qian Y, Cai L |title=Diabetic‑induced alterations in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism: The role of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review) |journal=Mol Med Rep |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=603β611 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32468027 |pmc=7339764 |doi=10.3892/mmr.2020.11175 }}</ref>
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