Editing Urethral stricture (section)

== Causes ==

Urethral strictures most commonly result from injury, urethral instrumentation, infection, non-infectious inflammatory conditions of the urethra, and after prior [[hypospadias]] surgery. Less common causes include congenital urethral strictures and those resulting from malignancy.<ref name="Urethral stricture: etiology, inves"/>

Urethral strictures after blunt trauma can generally be divided into two sub-types;
* Pelvic fracture-associated urethral disruption occurs in as many as 15% of severe pelvic fractures.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Figler |first1=B. D.|last2=Hoffler|first2=C. E.|last3=Reisman|first3=W.|last4=Carney|first4=K. J.|last5=Moore |first5=T. |last6=Feliciano |first6=D.|last7=Master|first7=V.|title=Multi-disciplinary update on pelvic fracture associated bladder and urethral injuries|journal=Injury|date=2012 |volume=43|issue=81|pages=242–249|doi=10.1016/j.injury.2012.03.031|pmid=22592152}}</ref> These injuries are typically managed with suprapubic tube placement and delayed urethroplasty 3 months later. Early endoscopic realignment may be used in select cases instead of a suprapubic tube, but these patients should be monitored closely as vast majority of them will require urethroplasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auanet.org/education/guidelines/urotrauma.cfm|title=American Urological Association - Urotrauma|website=www.auanet.org|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>
* Blunt trauma to the perineum compresses the bulbar urethra against the pubic symphysis, causing a "crush" injury. These patients are typically treated with suprapubic tube and delayed urethroplasty.

Other specific causes of urethral stricture include:
* Instrumentation (e.g., after [[transurethral resection of prostate]], [[transurethral resection of bladder tumor]], or endoscopic kidney surgery)
* Infection (typically with [[gonorrhea]])
* [[Lichen sclerosus]]<ref name=lichenrecon1>{{cite journal|last1=Palminteri|first1=E.|last2=Brandes|first2=S. B.|last3=Djordjevic |first3=M.|title=Urethral reconstruction in lichen sclerosus|journal=Curr Opin Urol|date=2012|volume=22|issue=6|pages=478–483|doi=10.1097/MOU.0b013e328358191c|pmid=22965317|s2cid=6900460}}</ref>
* Surgery to address hypospadias can result in a delayed urethral stricture, even decades after the original surgery.