Editing Use of Sarum (section)

==Sarum Mass ritual==
[[File:Houghton MS Richardson 5 - 92.jpg|thumb|Illustration from a manuscript on the Sarum Rite, c. 1400]]
Masses according to the Use of Sarum were similar to the [[Tridentine Mass]], both being adaptations of the Roman Rite from different periods with an almost identical [[Roman Canon]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fortescue |first1=Adrian |title=The mass; a study of the Roman liturgy |date=1914 |publisher=London, New York, Longmans, Green |url=https://archive.org/details/massstudyofroman00fort}}</ref>{{rp|202-204}} but with even more parts, lavishness and busy rubrics:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wight |first1=Robert |title=The Sarum Use |url=https://anglicanhistory.org/essays/wright/sarum.pdf |website=Project Canterbury |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref> there are eighty [[Sequence (musical form)|sequences]] for Sarum-use Masses but only five for Tridentine-use Masses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=James R. |title=Sarum Use and Disuse: A Study in Social and Liturgical History |date=2016 |publisher=University of Dayton |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1470048407 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|92}} It had a high Mass and a Low Mass.

The high Mass of Sundays and great feasts involved up to four sacred ministers: [[priest]], [[deacon]], [[subdeacon]], and [[acolyte]]. It was customary for them to visit in procession all the altars of the church and cense them, ending at the great [[rood screen]] (or whatever barrier between the laity and the altar), where [[antiphons]] and [[collects]] would be sung. At the screen would be read the Bidding Prayers, prayers in the vernacular directing the people to pray for various intentions.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

There was considerable variation from diocese to diocese, or even church to church, in the details of the rubrics: the place where the [[Epistle]] was sung, for instance, varied enormously; from a [[lectern]] at the [[altar]], from a lectern in the [[Choir (architecture)|quire]], to the feature described as the 'pulpitum', a word used ambiguously for the place of reading (a pulpit) or for the [[rood screen]]. Some scholars thought that the readings were proclaimed from the top of the rood screen, which was most unlikely given the tiny access doors to the rood loft in most churches. This would not have permitted dignified access for a vested Gospel procession.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The procession then vested for Mass. Sarum had a well-developed series of colours of [[vestments]] for different [[feasts]]. There may have been tendencies to use a particular colour for a particular feast (red, for instance, was used on Sundays, as in the [[Ambrosian rite]]), but if a church were simply too poor to have several sets of vestments, they used what they had.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} 

Some of the prayers of the Mass are unique, such as the priest's preparation prayers for Holy Communion. Some ceremonies differ from the [[Tridentine Mass]], though they are not unknown in other forms of the western rites: the offering of the bread and wine was (as in the Dominican and other rites) made by one act. These distinctions have been evaluated as "of the most trifling character."<ref>{{cite book|title=Publications of the Catholic Truth Society|volume=XXV|chapter=The Book of Common Prayer and the Mass|last=Laing|first=R.C.|page=4|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Catholic Truth Society]]|date=1895|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IYQAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Book+of+Common+Prayer+and+the+Mass%22+laing&pg=PA1|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> The chalice was prepared between the readings of the Epistle and the Gospel. In addition, in common with many monastic rites, after the Elevation the celebrant stood with his arms outstretched in the form of a cross; the Particle was put into the chalice after the [[Agnus Dei]]. It is probable that communion under one kind was followed by a 'rinse' of unconsecrated wine. The first chapter of [[Gospel of John|St John's Gospel]] was read while the priest made his way back to the sacristy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |title=The stripping of the altars: Traditional religion in England, c.1400-c.1580 |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-10828-1 |edition=2 |location=New Haven |oclc=60400925 |page=124}}</ref> Two candles on the altar were customary, though others were placed around it and on the rood screen. The Sarum missal calls for a low bow as an act of reverence, rather than the [[genuflection]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dearmer |first=Percy |url=https://archive.org/details/parsonshandbookc00dearuoft |title=The parson's handbook: containing practical directions both for parsons and others as to the management of the Parish Church and its services according to the English use, as set forth in the Book of Common Prayer |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1907 |location=London |pages=226–241 |edition=7}}</ref>

Notably, there are no prayers or rubrics in the extant texts that show how lay communion was performed.<ref name="Joseph"/>{{rp|101}}