Editing Whirlpool (section)

=== Moskstraumen ===
[[File:Maelstrom, Carta Marina.png|thumb|300px|The maelstrom off Norway as illustrated by [[Olaus Magnus]] on the ''[[Carta Marina]]'', 1539.]]
{{main|Moskstraumen}}
Moskstraumen or Moske-stroom is an unusual system of whirlpools in the open seas in the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the [[Norway|Norwegian coast]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 1958 edition.</ref> It is the second strongest whirlpool in the world with flow currents reaching speeds as high as {{convert|32|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Doyle2012" /> This is supposedly the whirlpool depicted in Olaus Magnus's map, labeled as "Horrenda Caribdis" ([[Charybdis]]).<ref>{{citation|last=Nigg |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Nigg |title=Sea Monsters: A Voyage around the World's Most Beguiling Map |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT2NAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 |page=122 |isbn=978-0-226-92518-9 }}</ref>

The Moskstraumen is formed by the combination of powerful semi-diurnal tides and the unusual shape of the [[seabed]], with a shallow ridge between the [[Moskenesøya]] and [[Værøya]] islands which amplifies and whirls the tidal currents.<ref name="Compton2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwQAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Why Sailors Can't Swim and Other Marvellous Maritime Curiosities|last=Compton|first=Nic|date=28 July 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-9263-4|pages=78–79}}</ref>

The fictional depictions of the Moskstraumen by [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Jules Verne]], and [[Cixin Liu]] describe it as a gigantic circular vortex that reaches the bottom of the ocean, when in fact it is a set of currents and crosscurrents with a rate of {{convert|18|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>B. Gjevik, H. Moe and A Ommundseb, "Strong Topographic Enhancement of Tidal Currents: Tales of the Maelstrom", University of Oslo, working paper, 5 September 1997. A condensed version published as {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/42159|last1=Gjevik|url=http://www.math.uio.no/~bjorng/moskstraumen/bilder/article.pdf|first1=B.|last2=Moe|first2=H.|last3=Ommundsen|first3=A.|title=Sources of the Maelstrom|journal=Nature|volume=388|pages=837–838|year= 1997|issue=6645 |bibcode=1997Natur.388..837G|s2cid=205030149| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414111611/http://www.math.uio.no/~bjorng/moskstraumen/bilder/article.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Poe described this phenomenon in his short story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]", which in 1841 was the first to use the word ''maelstrom'' in the English language;<ref name="Compton2013" /> in this story related to the Lofoten Maelstrom, two fishermen are swallowed by the maelstrom while one survives.<ref name="Kenney2012">{{cite book|author=James Kenney|title=Thriving in the Crosscurrent: Clarity and Hope in a Time of Cultural Sea Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE9bBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=19 December 2012|publisher=Quest Books|isbn=978-0-8356-3019-1|pages=143–}}</ref>