Editing Wind power (section)

=== Generator characteristics and stability ===

Most modern turbines use variable speed generators combined with either a partial or full-scale power converter between the turbine generator and the collector system, which generally have more desirable properties for grid interconnection and have [[low voltage ride through]]-capabilities.<ref name="huang">{{Cite book|last1=Falahi|first1=G.|last2=Huang|first2=A.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society |chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems |date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5|s2cid=3598534}}</ref> Modern turbines use either [[doubly fed electric machine]]s with partial-scale converters or squirrel-cage induction generators or synchronous generators (both permanently and electrically excited) with full-scale converters.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|page=332|year=2014|last1=Cheng|first1=Ming|last2=Zhu|first2=Ying|bibcode=2014ECM....88..332C }}</ref> [[Black start]] is possible<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> and is being further developed for places (such as [[Iowa]]) which generate most of their electricity from wind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref>

[[Transmission system operator]]s will supply a wind farm developer with a [[grid code]] to specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid. This will include the [[power factor]], the constancy of [[Utility frequency|frequency]], and the dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system fault.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Demeo | first1 = E.A. | last2 = Grant | first2 = W. | last3 = Milligan | first3 = M.R. | last4 = Schuerger | first4 = M.J. | year = 2005 | title = Wind plant integration | journal = IEEE Power and Energy Magazine| volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 38–46 | doi = 10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619| s2cid = 12610250 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zavadil | first1 = R. | last2 = Miller | first2 = N. | last3 = Ellis | first3 = A. | last4 = Muljadi | first4 = E. | year = 2005 | title = Making connections | journal = IEEE Power and Energy Magazine| volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 26–37 | doi = 10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618| s2cid = 3037161 }}</ref>