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=== Maturation and growth === The invention of the [[typewriter]] and the [[copier]] helped spread the study of the rational organization of labor from the manufacturing shop floor to the office. Filing systems and other sophisticated systems for managing physical [[information]] flows evolved. Several events likely contributed to the development of formalized information workflows. First, the field of optimization theory matured and developed [[mathematical optimization]] techniques. For example, Soviet mathematician and economist [[Leonid Kantorovich]] developed the seeds of [[linear programming]] in 1939 through efforts to solve a plywood manufacturer's production optimization issues.<ref name="KatseneliboigenTheSoviet90">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3bYoKUYXaYC&pg=PA410 |chapter=Chapter 17: Nobel and Lenin Prize Laureate L.V. Kantorovich: The Political Dilemma in Scientific Creativity |title=The Soviet Union: Empire, Nation, and System |author=Katseneliboigen, A. |publisher=Transaction Publishers |pages=405β424 |year=1990 |isbn=978-0887383328 |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="WahidFrontiers02">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9CwoSxpHXYC&pg=PA95 |chapter=Chapter 11: Leonid Kantorovich (1912β1986): A Pioneer of the Theory of Optimum Resource Allocation and a Laureate of 1975 |title=Frontiers of Economics: Nobel Laureates of the Twentieth Century |author=Choudhury, K. |editor=Wahid, A.N.M. |publisher=Greenwood Press |pages=93β98 |year=2002 |isbn=978-0313320736 |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Second, [[World War II]] and the [[Apollo program]] drove process improvement forward with their demands for the rational organization of work.<ref name="SmithTheHist09">{{cite web |url=http://www.peoriamagazines.com/ibi/2009/jul/history-modern-quality |title=The History of Modern Quality |author=Smith, J.L. |work=PeoriaMagazines.com |publisher=Central Illinois Business Publishers, Inc |date=July 2009 |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="ShraderHistory06">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/operations_research_vol3/CMH_70-110-1.pdf |chapter=Chapter 9: ORSA and the Army, 1942β1995 - An Assessment |title=History of Operations Research in the United States Army: Volume III, 1973β1995 |author=Shrader, C.R. |publisher=United States Army |volume=3 |year=2009 |pages=277β288 |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="RobinsJrProgram07">{{cite journal |url=https://appel.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/05/NASA_APPEL_ASK_26po_program.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124224957/https://appel.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/05/NASA_APPEL_ASK_26po_program.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-01-24 |title=Program and Project Management Improvement Initiatives |journal=ASK Magazine |author=Robins Jr., C.H. |volume=26 |pages=50β54 |year=2007}}</ref>
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