Editing X-linked recessive inheritance (section)

==Examples==

===Most common===
The most common X-linked recessive disorders are:<ref name=gpnotebook>[http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1341784030 GP Notebook - X-linked recessive disorders] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613144555/http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1341784030 |date=2011-06-13 }} Retrieved on 5 Mars, 2009</ref>
* [[Red–green color blindness]], also known as daltonism,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=303800|title=OMIM Color Blindness, Deutan Series; CBD|website=nih.gov|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929025156/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=303800|archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> which affects roughly 7% to 10% of men and 0.49% to 1% of women. Its relative benignity may explain its commonness.
* [[Hemophilia A]], a [[coagulation|blood clotting]] disorder caused by a [[mutation]] of the [[Factor VIII]] [[gene]] and leading to a deficiency of Factor VIII. It was once thought to be the "royal disease" found in the descendants of Queen Victoria. This is now known to have been Hemophilia B (see below).<ref>{{cite web|author= Michael Price|title= Case Closed: Famous Royals Suffered From Hemophilia|url= https://www.science.org/content/article/case-closed-famous-royals-suffered-hemophilia|work= ScienceNOW Daily News|publisher= AAAS|date= 8 October 2009|access-date= 9 October 2009|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131020190735/http://news.sciencemag.org/biology/2009/10/case-closed-famous-royals-suffered-hemophilia|archive-date= 20 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogaev |first1=Evgeny I. |last2=Grigorenko |first2=Anastasia P. |last3=Faskhutdinova |first3=Gulnaz |last4=Kittler |first4=Ellen L. W. |last5=Moliaka |first5=Yuri K. |year=2009 |title=Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the 'Royal Disease' |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |pages=817 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..817R |doi=10.1126/science.1180660 |pmid=19815722|s2cid=206522975 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Hemophilia B]], also known as Christmas disease,<ref>[http://www.hemophilia.org/NHFWeb/MainPgs/MainNHF.aspx?menuid=181&contentid=46&rptname=bleeding "Hemophilia B".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092338/http://www.hemophilia.org/NHFWeb/MainPgs/MainNHF.aspx?menuid=181&contentid=46&rptname=bleeding |date=2007-12-01 }} National Hemophilia Foundation.</ref> a [[coagulation|blood clotting]] disorder caused by a [[mutation]] of the [[Factor IX]] [[gene]] and leading to a deficiency of Factor IX. It is rarer than [[hemophilia A]]. As noted above, it was [[Haemophilia in European royalty|common]] among the descendants of Queen Victoria.
* [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], which is associated with mutations in the [[dystrophin]] gene. It is characterized by rapid progression of muscle degeneration, eventually leading to loss of skeletal muscle control, respiratory failure, and death.
* [[Becker's muscular dystrophy]], a milder form of Duchenne, which causes slowly progressive muscle weakness of the legs and [[pelvis]].
* [[X-linked ichthyosis]], a form of [[ichthyosis]] caused by a [[genetic disorder|hereditary deficiency]] of the [[steroid sulfatase]] (STS) enzyme. It is fairly rare, affecting one in 2,000 to one in 6,000 males.<ref name=PedDerm>{{cite book |author1=Carlo Gelmetti |author2=Caputo, Ruggero |title=Pediatric Dermatology and Dermatopathology: A Concise Atlas |publisher=T&F STM |year=2002 |isbn=1-84184-120-X |page=160}}
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* [[X-linked agammaglobulinemia]] (XLA), which affects the body's ability to fight infection. XLA patients do not generate mature [[B cell]]s.<ref name="titleX-linked Agammaglobulinemia: Immunodeficiency Disorders: Merck Manual Professional">{{cite web |url=http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec13/ch164/ch164o.html |title=X-linked Agammaglobulinemia: Immunodeficiency Disorders: Merck Manual Professional |access-date=2008-03-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218140736/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec13/ch164/ch164o.html |archive-date=2008-02-18 }}</ref> B cells are part of the immune system and normally manufacture antibodies (also called [[immunoglobulin]]s) which defends the body from infections (the [[humoral]] response). Patients with untreated XLA are prone to develop serious and even fatal infections.<ref name=ConleyXLA>{{cite web|url=http://www.stjude.org/disease-summaries/0,2557,449_2164_6526,00.html|title=Diseases Treated at St. Jude|website=stjude.org|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815195658/http://www.stjude.org/disease-summaries/0,2557,449_2164_6526,00.html|archive-date=15 August 2007}}</ref>
* [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], which causes nonimmune hemolytic anemia in response to a number of causes, most commonly infection or exposure to certain medications, chemicals, or foods. Commonly known as "favism", as it can be triggered by chemicals existing naturally in broad (or fava) beans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patient.info/doctor/favism|title=Favism - Doctor|website=patient.info|access-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121185504/https://patient.info/doctor/favism|archive-date=21 November 2017}}</ref>

===Less common disorders===
{{see also|X-linked intellectual disability}}
Theoretically, a mutation in any of the [[:Category:Genes on human chromosome X|genes on chromosome X]] may cause disease, but below are some notable ones, with short description of symptoms:
* [[Adrenoleukodystrophy]]; leads to progressive brain damage, failure of the adrenal glands, and eventually death.
* [[Alport syndrome]]; glomerulonephritis, endstage kidney disease, and hearing loss. A minority of Alport syndrome cases are due to an autosomal recessive mutation in the gene coding for [[type IV collagen]].
* [[Androgen insensitivity syndrome]]; variable degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility in XY persons of either sex
* [[Barth syndrome]]; metabolism distortion, delayed motor skills, stamina deficiency, hypotonia, chronic fatigue, delayed growth, cardiomyopathy, and compromised immune system.
* [[Blue cone monochromacy]]; low vision acuity, color blindness, photophobia, infantile nystagmus.
* [[Centronuclear myopathy]]; where cell nuclei are abnormally located in skeletal muscle cells. In CNM the nuclei are located at a position in the center of the cell, instead of their normal location at the periphery.
* [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease|Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMTX2-3)]]; disorder of nerves (neuropathy) that is characterized by loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation, predominantly in the feet and legs but also in the hands and arms in the advanced stages of disease.
* [[Coffin–Lowry syndrome]]; severe intellectual disability sometimes associated with abnormalities of growth, cardiac abnormalities, and kyphoscoliosis as well as auditory and visual abnormalities.
* [[Fabry disease]]; A lysosomal storage disease causing anhidrosis, fatigue, angiokeratomas, burning extremity pain, and ocular involvement.
* [[Hunter syndrome]]; potentially causing hearing loss, thickening of the heart valves leading to a decline in cardiac function, obstructive airway disease, sleep apnea, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.
* [[Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]], presenting with hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis, and hypodontia
* [[Kabuki syndrome]] (the ''[[KDM6A]]'' variant); multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability.
* [[Lesch–Nyhan syndrome]]; neurologic dysfunction, cognitive and behavioral disturbances including self-mutilation, and uric acid overproduction (hyperuricemia)
* [[Lowe syndrome]]; hydrophthalmia, cataracts, intellectual disabilities, aminoaciduria, reduced renal ammonia production, and vitamin D-resistant rickets
* [[Menkes disease]]; sparse and coarse hair, growth failure, and deterioration of the nervous system
* [[Nasodigitoacoustic syndrome]]; misshaped nose, [[brachydactyly]] of the [[distal phalanges]], sensorineural deafness
* [[Nonsyndromic deafness]]; hearing loss
* [[Norrie disease]]; cataracts and leukocoria along with other developmental issues in the eye
* [[Occipital horn syndrome]]; deformations in the skeleton
* [[Ocular albinism]]; lack of pigmentation in the eye
* [[Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]]; developmental delay and intellectual disability. Progressive liver damage, skin lesions, and brittle hair may also be seen
* [[Oto-palato-digital syndrome]]; facial deformities, cleft palate, hearing loss
* [[Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome]]; cleft lip and palate with intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism, caused by mutations in the histone demethylase [[PHF8]]
* [[Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome]]; coarse faces with protruding jaw and tongue, widened nasal bridge, and upturned nasal tip
* [[Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy]] (SBMA), also known as Kennedy's disease; muscle cramps and progressive weakness
* [[Spinal muscular atrophy]] caused by [[UBE1]] gene mutation; weakness due to loss of the motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem
* [[Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome]]; eczema, thrombocytopenia, immune deficiency, and bloody diarrhea
* [[X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency]] (SCID); infections, usually causing death in the first years of life
* [[X-linked sideroblastic anemia]]; skin paleness, fatigue, dizziness, and enlarged spleen and liver.