Editing Yellow badge (section)

===Medieval and early modern Europe===
[[File:Wormsjews.jpg|thumb|A 16th century depiction of a Jewish couple from [[Worms, Germany]], wearing the obligatory yellow badge; the man holds a moneybag and bulbs of garlic (often used in artistic portrayals of Jews in medieval Europe).]]
In largely Catholic Medieval Europe, Jews and Muslims were required to wear distinguishable clothing in some periods. These measures were not seen as being inconsistent with the papal bulls ''{{lang|la|[[Sicut Judaeis]]}}''. Most significantly, the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] headed by [[Pope Innocent III]] ruled in 1215 that Jews and Muslims must wear distinguishable dress (Latin ''{{lang|la|habitus}}''). This wording of the council decree may have been influenced indirectly by the Muslim requirements for Jews.<ref name="Roth2" /> Canon 68 reads, in part:

{{quote|In some provinces a difference in dress distinguishes the Jews or [[Saracen]]s from the Christians, but in certain others such a confusion has grown up that they cannot be distinguished by any difference. Thus it happens at times that through error Christians have relations with the women of Jews or Saracens, and Jews and Saracens with Christian women. Therefore, that they may not, under pretext of error of this sort, excuse themselves in the future for the excesses of such prohibited intercourse, we decree that such Jews and Saracens of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress. Particularly, since it may be read in the writings of Moses [{{bibleverse||Numbers|15:37–41|NIV}}], that this very law has been enjoined upon them.<ref name="Halsall_1996">{{cite book|editor-last=Halsall|editor-first=Paul|date=March 1996|chapter=Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215|chapter-url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp|title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>}} 

Innocent III had in 1199 confirmed ''{{lang|la|Sicut Judaeis}}'', which was also confirmed by [[Pope Honorius III]] in 1216. In 1219, Honorius III issued a dispensation to the Jews of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]],<ref name="Adler&Jacobs">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Adler|first1=Cyrus|author-link1=Cyrus Adler|last2=Jacobs|first2=Joseph|author-link2=Joseph Jacobs|year=1902|editor-last=Singer|editor-first=Isidore|editor-link=Isidore Singer|title=BADGE|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2317-badge|encyclopedia=[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]|volume=II|location=New York; London|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls|pages=425–427|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> the largest Jewish population in Europe. Spanish Jews normally wore [[turban]]s, which presumably met the requirement to be distinctive.<ref name="Roth" /> Elsewhere, local laws were introduced to bring the canon into effect.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schreckenberg|first=Heinz|year=1996|title=The Jews in Christian Art: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/jewsinchristiana00schr|url-access=limited|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|pages=15 and passim|isbn=0-8264-0936-9}}</ref> The identifying mark varied from one country to another, and from period to period.

In 1227, the [[Council of Narbonne (1227)|Synod of Narbonne]], in canon 3, ruled:

{{quote|That Jews may be distinguished from others, we decree and emphatically command that in the center of the breast (of their garments) they shall wear an oval badge, the measure of one finger in width and one half a palm in height.<ref name="Halsall_1996" />}}

However, these ecclesiastic pronouncements required legal sanctions of a temporal authority. In 1228, [[James I of Aragon]] ordered Jews of [[Aragon]] to wear the badge;<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> and in 1265, the ''{{lang|es|[[Siete Partidas]]}}'', a legal code enacted in Castile by [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] but not implemented until many years later, included a requirement for Jews to wear distinguishing marks.<ref name="Halsall_1997">{{cite book|editor-last=Halsall|editor-first=Paul|date=October 1997|chapter=Las Siete Partidas: Laws on Jews, 1265|chapter-url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/jews-sietepart.html|title=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|via=[[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]|access-date=2006-09-18}}</ref> On 19 June 1269, [[Louis IX of France]] imposed a fine of ten [[French livre|livres]] (one livre was equivalent to a pound of silver) on Jews found in public without a badge ({{langx|la|rota|lit=wheel}}, {{langx|fr|rouelle}} or {{lang|fr|roue}}).<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /><ref name="Birnbaum">{{cite news|last=Birnbaum|first=Eli|title=This Day in Jewish History|url=http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/JewishHistory/today.cgi?mon=6&day=19|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=2006-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519053707/http://info.jpost.com/1999/Supplements/JewishHistory/today.cgi?mon=6&day=19|archive-date=2006-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The enforcement of wearing the badge is repeated by local councils, with varying degrees of fines, at [[Arles]] 1234 and 1260, [[Béziers]] 1246, [[Albi]] 1254, [[Nîmes]] 1284 and 1365, [[Avignon]] 1326 and 1337, [[Rodez]] 1336, and [[Vanves]] 1368.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> The "rota" looked like a ring of white or yellow.<ref>{{harvnb|Schreckenberg|1996|p=15}}, although {{harvnb|Piponnier|Mane|1997|p=137}}, say red was commonest for badges of all shapes, followed by yellow or green, or red and white together.</ref> The shape and colour of the patch also varied, although the colour was usually white or yellow. Married women were often required to wear two bands of blue on their veil or head-scarf.<ref name="Piponnier&Mane_p137" />

In 1274, [[Edward I of England]] enacted the [[Statute of Jewry]], which also included a requirement:

{{quote|Each Jew, after he is seven years old, shall wear a distinguishing mark on his outer garment, that is to say, in the form of [[Ten Commandments|two Tables joined]], of yellow felt of the length of {{convert|6|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}} and of the breadth of {{convert|3|in|mm|round=5|disp=sqbr|spell=in}}.{{sfn|Schreckenberg|1996|p=305}}<ref name="ThisSceptredIsle">{{cite episode|title=A Day in the Life of 13th-Century England|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/27.shtml?question=27|series=[[This Sceptred Isle (radio series)|This Sceptred Isle]]|network=[[BBC Radio 4]]|access-date=2006-09-05}}</ref>}}

In Europe, Jews were required to wear the {{lang|de|[[Judenhut]]}} or {{lang|la|pileum cornutum}}, a cone-shaped hat, in most cases yellow.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yoked|first=Tzach|date=21 April 2023|title=How European Jews Were Labeled, Centuries Before the Yellow Star|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2023-04-21/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/how-european-jews-were-labeled-centuries-before-the-yellow-star/00000187-a132-dccf-a9ef-a3fbcbb90000|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref> In 1267, the [[Vienna]] city council ordered Jews to wear this type of hat rather than a badge.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> There is a reference to a dispensation from the badge in [[Erfurt]] on 16 October 1294, the earliest reference to the badge in Germany.<ref name="Adler&Jacobs" /> There were also attempts to enforce the wearing of full-length robes, which in late 14th-century [[Rome]] were supposed to be red. In Portugal, a red [[Star of David]] was used.<ref name="Piponnier&Mane_p137">{{cite book|last1=Piponnier|first1=Françoise|last2=Mane|first2=Perrine|year=1997|translator-last=Beamish|translator-first=Caroline|title=Dress in the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/dressinmiddleage00fran|url-access=limited|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|page=137|isbn=0-300-06906-5}}</ref>

Enforcement of the rules was variable; in [[Marseille]] the magistrates ignored accusations of breaches, and in some places individuals or communities could buy exemption. [[Catharism|Cathars]] who were considered "first time offenders" by the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Inquisition]] were also forced to wear yellow badges, albeit in the form of crosses, about their person.

The yellow badge remained the key distinguishing mark of Jewish dress in the Middle Ages.<ref>{{harvnb|Schreckenberg|1996|p=15}}, although ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' cites a reference from 1208 in France. See ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' for the ''Judenhut'' being more widespread than the badge.</ref> From the 16th century, the use of the ''{{lang|de|Judenhut}}'' declined, but the badge tended to outlast it, surviving into the 18th century in places.{{sfn|Schreckenberg|1996|pp=308–329}}