Editing Yusufzai (section)

==History==
===Peace treaty with Babur===
[[File:Babur, during his second Hindustan campaign, riding a raft from Kunar back to Atar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Babur]] crossing the [[Kunar River]] on a [[raft]], west of [[Bajaur]]]]
During the [[early modern period]], the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in ''[[Baburnama]]'' by [[Babur]], a [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler from [[Fergana Valley|Fergana]] (in present-day [[Uzbekistan]]) who captured [[Kabul]] in [[Siege of Kabul (1504)|1504]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Samrin | first = Farah | title = Yusufzais in Mughal History | year = 2006 | journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress| volume = 67 | pages = 292–300 | jstor = 44147949 }}</ref> On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his [[Bajaur massacre]], Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad ([[Swat District|Swat]]), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of [[Panjkora River|Panjkora]] and the united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite [[alcohol intoxication|intoxicating]] [[confectionery|confections]]."<ref name="babur">{{cite book |last=Beveridge |first=Annette Susannah |author-link=Annette Beveridge |date=7 January 2014 |title=The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/44608/44608-h/44608-h.htm |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

Due to the military and strategic strength of the Yousafzai, Babur needed security from their location in the hills that [[Graveyard of empires|threatened]] his empire and did not allow for a safe expansion to [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans to have family ties, Babur married [[Bibi Mubarika]], daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 for mutual security after failing to subdue the tribe. Shah Mansur had favoured peace while the faction of [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Malik Ahmad Khan]] was against any forging of close ties.<ref>{{cite book|first=Radhey|last=Shyam|title=Babur|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|year=1978|pages=263}}</ref><ref>Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) ''The Transformation of Afghan Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600''</ref><ref>Elizabeth Moynihan ''[https://asia-archive.si.edu/essays/memoir-05/ V. A Passage to Kabul - An Unplanned Life: In Search of Mughal Gardens]'' National Museum of Asian Art</ref> Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the [[Mughal Empire]] after defeating Pashtun Sultan [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aftab |first1=Tahera |title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide |date=2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004158498 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]. |location=Leiden |page=46}}</ref> One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal Emperors [[Humayun]] and [[Akbar]]. Although suspicions existed on both sides and the Yusufzai had never paid taxes or tributes to Babur or any other [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|first=Soma|last=Mukherjee|title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions|publisher=Gyan Books|year=2001|pages=118|isbn=978-8-121-20760-7}}</ref><ref>The News (2016) ''[https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/561719-forgotten-queen-babur The forgotten Queen of Babur]'' by Dr. Himayatullah Yaqubi</ref>

===Yusufzai Chieftaincy===
[[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/38531-malik-ahmad-baba-yousafzais-lige-services-to-be-rembered | title=Malik Ahmad Baba Yousafzai's life, services to be rembered | date=4 May 2015 }}</ref> Major parts of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following.
* [[Malik|Malak]] [[Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai|Ahmad Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1520 - 1535).
* [[Gaju Khan|Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai]] (Reign; 1535 - 1553)
* Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai (Reign; 1553 - 1580)
* Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1580 - 1585)
* [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Malak Kalu Khan Yousafzai]] (Reign; 1585 - 1626).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ | title=History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans | last1=Rashid | first1=Haroon | date=2002 }}</ref>
* Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai (Reign; 1626 - 1675).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9otAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhaku+Khan | title=Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C.: A Political and Cultural History | last1=Ikram | first1=Sheikh Mohamad | date=1966 }}</ref>

After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader).

In 1586, [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] tried to invade [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]] in the [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)]] but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire | title=''A Short History of the Mughal Empire'' | date=2016 }}</ref>

===Skirmishes with Mughal forces===
During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and [[Mandanr|Mandanrs]] rebelled against the Mughals and joined the [[Roshani movement]] of [[Pir Roshan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V19_154.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Digital South Asia Library|page=152|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> In late 1585, Moghul emperor [[Akbar]] sent military forces under [[Zain Khan Koka]] and [[Birbal]] to crush the rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, [[Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)|were killed]] near the [[Karakar Pass]] between [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Buner]] by the Yusufzai lashkar led by [[Kalu Khan Yousafzai|Kalu Khan]]. This was the greatest disaster faced by the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]] during Akbar's reign.<ref>{{cite book |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |series=The New Cambridge History of India |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |pages=50–51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA50|isbn=9780521566032 }}</ref>

In 1630, under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan]]'s great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai,  Mandanrs, [[Kheshgi]], [[Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Misdaq |first=Nabi |date=2006 |title=Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hHmTAgAAQBAJ |isbn=1135990174|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from [[Delhi]] to suppress the revolt.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=yusufzai&pg=PA50 |title = The Mughal Empire|isbn = 9780521566032|last1 = Richards|first1 = John F.|year = 1995| publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> Although the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern [[Kabul River|Kabul valley]], he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.<ref name="gommans"/>

===Durrani period===
[[File:Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, 1814-15.jpg|250px|right|thumb|''Patthargarh fort'' outside [[Najibabad]], which was founded by [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] Yusufzai in [[Rohilkhand]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]]]
[[File:The Third battle of Panipat 13 January 1761.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], marching on the left of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], who is riding a brown horse, during the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], which was the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies]]
[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]], categorized all [[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribes]] into four ''ulūs'' (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: [[Durrani]], [[Ghilji]], [[Sur (Pashtun tribe)|Sur]], and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the [[Mohmand]], [[Afridi]], [[Bangash]], and [[Khattak]].<ref name="Nejatie">The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.</ref> The Bar Durrani comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in [[Rohilkhand]], India where they were known as the [[Rohilla]].<ref name="gommans">{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC |last=Gommans|first=Jos J.L.|author-link=Jos Gommans|publisher=Brill|year=1995|pages=219|isbn=9004101098}}</ref>

[[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]], who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Afghan Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of [[Najibabad]] in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]] on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of [[Saharanpur]], also ruling over [[Dehradun]]. In 1761, he took part in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_340.gif Najibabad Tehsil & Town] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 18, p. 334.</ref> He also convinced [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the [[Nawab of Awadh]], to join the Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ''Mir Bakshi'' (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&dq=najib-ud-daula+mir+bakshi+panipat&pg=PA19 History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D]</ref> After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, [[Zabita Khan]], who was defeated in 1772 by a joint Mughal-Maratha force, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at [[Nagina]] on 21 April 1858 during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Bijnor |volume=3 |page=928}}</ref>

Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in [[Farrukhabad]], which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]].<ref name=Haleem2007>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|quote=Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.}}</ref><ref name=Haleem>{{cite web|title=Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India|last=Haleem|first=Safia|date=24 July 2007|publisher=Khyber Gateway|language=en|access-date=4 May 2014|url=http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071054/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/Study_of_the_Pathan_Communitie.shtml|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>

===State of Dir===
{{main|Dir (princely state)}}

[[File:Flag of the State of Dir.svg|thumb|upright|Flag of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]]]
In [[Dir District|Dir]], descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of [[Dir, Pakistan|Dir]], laid the foundation of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]]. In 1897, the [[British Raj]] annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904).<ref name = whoswho1933>{{cite book|title=Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933|url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/1933.pdf|access-date=2013-07-31|year=1933|publisher=The Manager Government of India Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name = britannica>{{Britannica|164794|Dir}}</ref>

The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into [[West Pakistan]], and then in 1970 into the [[North-West Frontier Province]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) of Pakistan.<ref name="state">{{cite book|last1=Claus|first1=Peter J.|last2=Diamond|first2=Sarah|last3=Ann Mills|first3=Margaret|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-41593-919-5|page=447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA447}}</ref> Its area is part of the present-day [[Buner District|Buner]], [[Lower Dir District|Lower Dir]] and [[Upper Dir District|Upper Dir]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Yousafzai of Ghoriwala===
{{Main|Ghoriwala#Arrival of Mughal Khel}}
[[File:Bannu_Kuram_River.jpg|alt=Bannu Kuram River|thumb|250x250px|[[Kurrama River|River Kuram Bridge]], District [[Bannu]]]]
One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje, was a man named [[Gadezai]], who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day [[Buner District|District Buner]], while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by [[Ulugh Beg II|Ulugh Beg]] in [[Kabul]]. Initially settling in [[Kurram District|Kurram]], Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to [[Ghoriwala]] in present-day [[Bannu|District Bannu]].

Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as [[Mughal Khel]]. Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of a mosque in [[Bannu|Bannu Bazar]] in around 1820s.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Family_Lineage_of_Pashtun_Tribe_Mughal_Khel.jpg|alt=Family Lineage of Pashtun Tribe Mughal Khel|thumb|368x368px|Tribal tree of Mughal Khel from Hayat-i-Afghani<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muhammad Hayat Khan |url=http://archive.org/details/HayatEAfghaniByMuhammadHayatKhanPublishedIn1867CompleteBookInUrdu |title=Hayat E Afghani By Muhammad Hayat Khan Published In 1867 Complete Book In Urdu |date=1867}}</ref>]]

The [[Mughal Khel]] tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the [[Northern Pashto|Hard Pashto]] pronunciations to [[Southern Pashto|Soft Pashto]] but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bannu :: History, Culture, LifeStyle, People, Food etc |url=https://pmru.kp.gov.pk/districts/bannu/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=pmru.kp.gov.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibbetson |first=Sir Denzil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dO0OAAAAQAAJ&dq=Mughal+Khel+Bannu&pg=PA82 |title=Panjab Castes: Being a Reprint of the Chapter on "The Races, Castes, and Tribes of the People" in the Report on the Census of the Panjab |date=1916 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said:
{{cquote|The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.
| author = Herbert Benjamin Edwardes
| source = Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883
}}

<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJwIAAAAQAAJ&q=Moghal+khel |title=Gazetteer of the Bannu District: 1883 |date=1883 |publisher=British Government |pages=Page number 58 |language=en}}</ref>