Editing Civil service (section)

=== Europe ===

====France====
{{Main|French Civil Service}}
The civil service in France (''fonction publique'') is often incorrectly considered to include all government employees including employees of public corporations, such as [[SNCF]].

Public sector employment is classified into three services; State service, Local service and Hospital service. According to government statistics there were 5.5 million public sector employees in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon03141|title=Résultats de la recherche|website=www.insee.fr|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426115106/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATnon03141|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr/files/files/BIS_96.pdf|title=Local Government employment statistics|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205833/http://www.collectivites-locales.gouv.fr/files/files/BIS_96.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !!Central Government!! Local Government !! Health service !! Total
|-
| Education||1,360.6||||||1,360.6
|-
| Police||284.4||40||||324.4
|-
| Defence||280.7||||||280.7
|-
| Health & Social||||241||1,153||1,394.0
|-
| Other||516.1||1,631||||2,147.1
|-
| Total||2,441.8||1,912||1,153||5,506.8
|-
| % Civil servants<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1496|title=L'emploi dans la fonction publique en 2012 – Insee Première – 1496|website=www.insee.fr|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225514/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1496|url-status=live}}</ref>||62%||75%||72%||-
|}

====Germany====
The '''Public Service in Germany''' (''[[:de:Öffentlicher Dienst|Öffentlicher Dienst]]'') employed 4.6 million persons {{as of | 2011 | lc = on}}.<ref>[http://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++01027f58-f007-11e0-51a9-00188b4dc422 Index Gute Arbeit: Sonderauswertung Öffentlicher Dienst 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206081127/http://www.dgb.de/themen/++co++01027f58-f007-11e0-51a9-00188b4dc422 |date=2017-12-06 }} DGB (PDF, German)</ref> Public servants are organized<ref>{{cite web |title=Beschäftigte im öffentlichen Dienst |url=https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/oeffentlicher-dienst/zahlen-daten-fakten/zahlen-daten-fakten-node.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911093250/https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/oeffentlicher-dienst/zahlen-daten-fakten/zahlen-daten-fakten-node.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2019 |publisher=Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat |access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref> into hired salaried employees (''Arbeitnehmer''), appointed civil servants (''[[Beamter|Beamte]]''), judges, and soldiers. They are employed by public bodies (''Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts''), such as [[Districts of Germany|counties (''Kreise'')]], [[states of Germany|states]], the [[politics of Germany|federal government]], etc. In addition to employees directly employed by the state another 1.6 million persons are employed by state owned enterprises<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/OeffentlicheFinanzenSteuern/OeffentlicherDienst/Personal/Tabellen/Gesamthaushalt.html|title=State employees as of June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221103425/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/OeffentlicheFinanzenSteuern/OeffentlicherDienst/Personal/Tabellen/Gesamthaushalt.html|archive-date=2015-02-21}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !!Federal Government!! Regional Government!!Municipal Government !! Social Security !! Total
|-
| State employees||458||2,114.4||1,220.7||378.6||4,171.7
|-
| government owned enterprises||240.4||387.1||950.2||24.5||1,602.1
|-
| Total||698.4||2,501.5||2,170.9||403.1||5,733.8
|}

[[Beamter|''Beamte'']] has been a title for government employees for several centuries in German states, but became a standardized group in 1794.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Soldiers other than [[Conscription in Germany|conscripted soldiers]] are not Beamte but have similar rights. Judges are not Beamte but have similar rights too.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beihilferatgeber.de/service/faq/beihilfe-fuer-richter|title=Beihilfe für Richter gilt wie für Beamte – beihilferatgeber.de|website=www.beihilferatgeber.de|access-date=2015-11-21|archive-date=2015-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122085112/http://www.beihilferatgeber.de/service/faq/beihilfe-fuer-richter|url-status=live}}</ref> Public attorneys are all Beamte, whereas most (but not all) professors are Beamte. The group of Beamte have the most secure employment, and the amount they are paid is set by national pay regulations (''Besoldungsordnungen'').<!-- The actual payment varies by employer. --> Beamte are prohibited from [[strike action|striking]].

''Arbeitnehmer'' have work contracts, whereas ''Beamte'' are appointed, employed, and removed in accordance with the Public Sector Service and Loyalty law (''öffentlich-rechtliches Dienst- und Treueverhältnis''). Most tasks can be either done by ''Arbeitnehmer'' or ''Beamte'', however some specific tasks of official nature are supposed to be handled by ''Beamte'' since they are subject to a special loyalty obligation.

''Beamte'' are divided into four levels:
* ''Einfacher Dienst'': ordinary civil service, corresponding to [[enlisted ranks]] in the military, now largely obsolete
* ''Mittlerer Dienst'': medium-level civil service, corresponding to [[non-commissioned officer]]s in the military
* ''Gehobener Dienst'': senior civil service, including civil servant positions such as ''Inspektor'' and above, corresponding to [[commissioned officer]]s from [[Second lieutenant|lieutenant]] to [[captain (armed forces)|captain]] in the military
* ''Höherer Dienst'': higher civil service, including civil servant positions such as ''Rat'' (Councillor) and above as well as academic employees such as Professors, corresponding to [[Major (rank)|major]] and above in the military

''Gehobener Dienst'' and ''Höherer Dienst'' both require a university education or equivalent, at the very least a bachelor's or master's degree, respectively.

====Ireland====
{{Main|Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland}}
The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the [[Department of state (Ireland)|Departments of State]] (excluded are [[Government of Ireland|government]] [[Minister (government)|ministers]] and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the [[Office of the Revenue Commissioners]], the [[Office of Public Works]], and the Public Appointments Service. The organisation of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's [[Police|police force]], the ''[[Garda Síochána]]'' are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as "public servants" (and form the [[public service of the Republic of Ireland]]).

==== Russia ====
{{Main| Civil Service of the Russian Federation}}

==== Spain ====
The [[Secretariat of State for the Civil Service|civil service]] in Spain (''función pública'') is usually considered to include all the employees at the different levels of the Spanish public administration: [[Government of Spain|central government]], [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]], as well as [[Municipalities of Spain|municipalities]]. There are three main categories of Spanish public positions: temporary political posts ("personal eventual"), which require a simple procedure for hiring and dismissal and is associated to top level executives and advisors, statutory permanent posts ("funcionarios de carrera"), which require a formal procedure for access that usually involves a competition among candidates and whose tenants are subject to a special statutory relationship of work with their employers, and non statutory permanent posts ("personal laboral"), which also require a formal procedure for entry similar to the procedure required for the "funcionarios de carrera", but whose tenants are subject to normal working conditions and laws. Competitions differ notably among the state, the 17 autonomous communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios de carrera" and "personal laboral" examinations vary in difficulty from one location to another.

As of 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seap.minhap.gob.es/dms/es/publicaciones/centro_de_publicaciones_de_la_sgt/Periodicas/parrafo/Boletin_Estadis_Personal/BE_ENE2013.pdf|title=Portales SEAT y SEFP:: Secretaría de Estado para las Administraciones Territoriales :: Secretaría de Estado de Función Pública|website=www.seap.minhap.gob.es|access-date=2015-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621021442/http://www.seap.minhap.gob.es/dms/es/publicaciones/centro_de_publicaciones_de_la_sgt/Periodicas/parrafo/Boletin_Estadis_Personal/BE_ENE2013.pdf|archive-date=2015-06-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> there were 2.6 million public employees in Spain, of which 571,000 were civil servants and 2 million were non-civil servants.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Category !! Employee type!!Central Government!! Regional Government !! Municipal !! University!! Total
|-
| Police||Civil servants||147||25||||||172
|-
| Defence||Civil servants||124||||||||124
|-
| Health & Social||Civil servants||||321||||||321
|-
| ||other public employees||||170||||||170
|-
| Other||Civil servants||180||562||218||74||1034
|-
| ||other public employees||119||229||330||75||753
|-
| Total||Civil servants||451||908||218||74||1651
|-
| ||other public employees||119||399||330||75||923
|-
| ||Total||570||1307||548||149||2574
|}

More recent figures can be found at SEAT.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seat.mpr.gob.es/dam/es/portal/funcionpublica/funcion-publica/ep-pp/empleo_publico/Triptico_2018_CASTELLANO.pdf.pdf |title=El empleo público en España |language=es |date= |website=www.seat.mpr.gob.es |access-date=2020-02-25 |archive-date=2020-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225150446/http://www.seat.mpr.gob.es/dam/es/portal/funcionpublica/funcion-publica/ep-pp/empleo_publico/Triptico_2018_CASTELLANO.pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2011, the government of Rajoy announced that civil servants have to serve a minimum 37.5 working hours per week regardless of their place or kind of service.<ref name="politica.elpais.com">{{cite news |url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/30/actualidad/1325267082_718015.html |title=Los funcionarios trabajarán 37,5 horas y su sueldo sigue congelado &#124; Política |publisher=Politica.elpais.com |date=2011-12-30 |access-date=2014-02-18 |newspaper=El País |last1=Calvo |first1=Vera Gutiérrez |archive-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823190526/http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/12/30/actualidad/1325267082_718015.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
<!--[[List of metonyms]] links here-->
{{main|Civil Service (United Kingdom)|His Majesty's Diplomatic Service|Northern Ireland Civil Service}}
The civil service in the United Kingdom only includes Crown (i.e. central government) employees, not parliamentary employees or [[local government]] employees. [[Public sector]] employees such as those in education and the [[National Health Service|NHS]] are not considered to be civil servants. Police officers and staff are also not civil servants. Total employment in the public sector in the UK was 6.04 million in 2012 according to the UK's [[Office for National Statistics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pse/public-sector-employment/q2-2011/stb-public-sector-employment---q2-2011.html#tab-Public-and-private-sector-employment--headcount--Table-5-|title=Public Sector Employment, Q2 2011|first=David Matthews, Office for National|last=Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk|date=2011-09-14|access-date=2015-04-03|archive-date=2015-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409010728/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pse/public-sector-employment/q2-2011/stb-public-sector-employment---q2-2011.html#tab-Public-and-private-sector-employment--headcount--Table-5-|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
! Category !!Central government!! Local government !! Health service !! Total
|-
| Police||||278,000||||278,000
|-
| Defence||193,000||||||193,000
|-
| Health & Social||||364,000||1,565,000||1,929,000
|-
| Other||1,989,000||42,000||||2,031,000
|-
| Total||2,182,000||2,290,000||1,565,000||6,037,000
|}

Civil servants in the devolved government in Northern Ireland are not part of the [[Civil Service (United Kingdom)|Home Civil Service]], but constitute the separate [[Northern Ireland Civil Service]]. Some employees of the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] are members of [[HM Diplomatic Service]], which is associated with but separate from the Civil Service.

====European Union====
{{Main|European Civil Service}}
The European Civil Service administers the [[institutions of the European Union]], of which the largest employer is the [[European Commission]].

Civil servants are recruited directly into the institutions after being selected by competitions set by [[European Personnel Selection Office|EPSO]], the official selection office. They are allocated to departments, known as [[Directorate-General|Directorates-General]] (DGs), each covering one or more related policy areas.