Editing Conium (section)

=== Pharmacology ===
In hemlock, eight [[piperidine alkaloids]], known to cause strong physiological effects, were isolated. Two of the eight compounds, g-coniceine and [[coniine]], were measured as having the highest concentration, and they contribute to the plant's toxicity. Other alkaloids that have been identified in hemlock include methyl coniine, ethyl piperidine and {{chem name|pseudoconhydrine}}.<ref name=":1" />

In larger animals, acute toxicity doses for ''C. maculatum'' are lower for pigs compared to cattle, and for sheep compared to goats.<ref>{{Citation|title=Department of Agriculture (USDA)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452240220.n40|work=Student's Guide to the Presidency|year=2009|place=Washington DC|publisher=CQ Press|doi=10.4135/9781452240220.n40|isbn=978-0-87289-555-3|access-date=2020-12-04|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Specifically, toxicity doses are 3.3&nbsp;mg/kg for cattle, 15.5&nbsp;mg/kg for horses and 44.0&nbsp;mg/kg for sheep.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}