Editing Group dynamics (section)

===Intergroup conflict reduction===
There have been several strategies developed for reducing the tension, bias, prejudice, and conflict between social groups. These include the ''contact hypothesis'', the ''jigsaw classroom'', and several categorization-based strategies.

====Contact hypothesis (intergroup contact theory)====
In 1954, [[Gordon Allport]] suggested that by promoting contact between groups, prejudice can be reduced.<ref>{{cite book | last = Allport | first = Gordon | title = The Nature of Prejudice | publisher = Addison-Wesley Pub. Co | location = Reading | year = 1979 | isbn = 978-0-201-00179-2 }}</ref> Further, he suggested four optimal conditions for contact: equal status between the groups in the situation; common goals; intergroup cooperation; and the support of authorities, law, or customs.<ref name=Pettigrew>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pettigrew | first1 = T. F. | last2 = Tropp | first2 = L. R. | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751 | title = A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 90 | issue = 5 | pages = 751–783 | year = 2006 | pmid =  16737372| s2cid = 14149856 |author-link1=Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist)}}</ref> Since then, over 500 studies have been done on prejudice reduction under variations of the contact hypothesis, and a meta-analytic review suggests overall support for its efficacy.<ref name=Pettigrew/> In some cases, even without the four optimal conditions outlined by Allport, prejudice between groups can be reduced.<ref name=Pettigrew/>

====Superordinate identities====
Under the contact hypothesis, several models have been developed. A number of these models utilize a ''superordinate identity'' to reduce prejudice. That is, a more broadly defined, ‘umbrella’ group/identity that includes the groups that are in conflict. By emphasizing this superordinate identity, individuals in both subgroups can share a common social identity.<ref name=Hornsey>{{Cite journal | last1 = Hornsey | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Hogg | first2 = M. A. | doi = 10.1177/0146167200264010 | title = Subgroup Relations: A Comparison of Mutual Intergroup Differentiation and Common Ingroup Identity Models of Prejudice Reduction | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 242–256 | year = 2000 | s2cid = 145116253 }}</ref> For example, if there is conflict between White, Black, and Latino students in a high school, one might try to emphasize the ‘high school’ group/identity that students share to reduce conflict between the groups. Models utilizing superordinate identities include the [[common ingroup identity]] model, the ingroup projection model, the mutual intergroup differentiation model, and the ingroup identity model.<ref name=Hornsey/> Similarly, "recategorization" is a broader term used by Gaertner et al. to describe the strategies aforementioned.<ref name="Gaertner"/>

====Interdependence====
There are techniques that utilize interdependence, between two or more groups, with the aim of reducing prejudice. That is, members across groups have to rely on one another to accomplish some goal or task. In the [[Robbers Cave Experiment]], Sherif used this strategy to reduce conflict between groups.<ref name=Gaertner/> [[Elliot Aronson]]’s [[Jigsaw Classroom]] also uses this strategy of interdependence.<ref>{{cite book | last = Aronson | first = Elliot | title = The Jigsaw Classroom | publisher = Longman | location = New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0-673-99383-0 }}</ref> In 1971, thick racial tensions were abounding in Austin, Texas. Aronson was brought in to examine the nature of this tension within schools, and to devise a strategy for reducing it (so to improve the process of school integration, mandated under [[Brown v. Board of Education]] in 1954). Despite strong evidence for the effectiveness of the ''jigsaw classroom,'' the strategy was not widely used (arguably because of strong attitudes existing outside of the schools, which still resisted the notion that racial and ethnic minority groups are equal to Whites and, similarly, should be integrated into schools).