Editing Improvised explosive device (section)

==Historical use==
The [[Fougasse (weapon)|fougasse]] was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made [[land mine]]s. [[Ernst Jünger]] mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and [[booby trap]]s to cover the retreat of German troops at the [[Somme (department)|Somme]] region during [[World War I]]. Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the [[Operation Bagration#Operations Rail War and Concert|Belarusian Rail War]] launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = State Archival Service
  | title = Historical background
  | work = World War Two
  | publisher = [[Republic of Belarus]], Ministry of Justice, Department of Archives and Records Management
  | url = https://www.archives.gov.by/eng/index.php?id=104476
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201131051/http://www.archives.gov.by/eng/index.php?id=104476
  |archive-date= February 1, 2009
  | access-date = 4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | title = Belarus during the Great Patriotic War
  | work = History
  | publisher = belarus.by
  | url = http://www.belarus.by/en/belarus/history/11/index3.php
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207050738/http://www.belarus.by/en/belarus/history/11/index3.php
  |archive-date= February 7, 2008
  | access-date = 4 December 2008}}</ref> Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Stockfish
  | first = David
  |author2=Yariv Eldar |author3=Daniella HarPaz Mechnikov
   | title = Dokszyc-Parafianow Memorial Book&nbsp;– Belarus (Sefer Dokshitz-Parafianov)
  | publisher = Association of Former Residents of Dokszyce-Parafianow in Israel
  | year = 1970
  | location = [[Tel Aviv]]
  | page = 274
  | url = http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/dokshitsy/dok274.html
  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003318/https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/dokshitsy/dok274.html
  |archive-date=May 6, 2022
  }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2009}}
[[File:3rd Battalion 3rd Marines controlled detonation.jpg|thumb|alt=Marines beside a mud wall as an explosion goes off behind it|U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) destroy an improvised explosive device cache in southern [[Afghanistan]] in June 2010.]]

Starting six months before the [[Soviet–Afghan War|invasion]] of Afghanistan by the [[USSR]] on 27 December 1979, the Afghan [[Mujahideen]] were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of [[anti-tank mine]]s. The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using [[mine detector]]s. After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to continue the attack.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Afghan insurgents operating far from the border with Pakistan did not have a ready supply of foreign anti-tank mines. They preferred to make IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance. The devices were rarely triggered by pressure fuses. They were almost always remotely detonated. Since the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]], the [[Taliban]] and its supporters have used IEDs against [[NATO]] and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

A brigade commander said that [[sniffer dogs]] are the most reliable way of detecting IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Andrew |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-make-undetectable-bombs-out-of-wood-1863353.html |title=Taliban make 'undetectable' bombs out of wood |work=Independent |date=10 January 2010 |access-date=11 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003313/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/taliban-make-undetectable-bombs-out-of-wood-1863353.html|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref> However, statistical evidence gathered by the US Army Maneuver Support Center at Fort Leonard Wood, MO shows that the dogs are not the most effective means of detecting IEDs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loofe |first=Cpl. Jenna |date=2022-03-16 |title=Military working dogs participate in C-IED Training |url=https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/580560/military-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FNews%2FNews-Display%2FArticle%2F580560%2Fmilitary-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training%2F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727175420/https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/580560/military-working-dogs-participate-in-c-ied-training/ |archive-date=July 27, 2022 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=United States Marine Corps Flagship |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahlgrimm |first=Perry |date=2016-05-27 |title=Military Protection Dogs Save Lives By Sniffing Out IEDs In War-Torn Areas |url=https://ccprotectiondogs.com/military-protection-dogs-save-lives-by-sniffing-out-ieds-in-war-torn-areas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723190325/https://ccprotectiondogs.com/military-protection-dogs-save-lives-by-sniffing-out-ieds-in-war-torn-areas/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=[[CC Protection Dogs]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deluca |first=Asheleigh N. |date=November 9, 2014 |title=Billions Have Been Spent on Technology to Find IEDs, but Dogs Still Do It Better |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/141107-war-dogs-military-hero-ied-animals-american-veterans-day |url-access=registration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310165647/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/141107-war-dogs-military-hero-ied-animals-american-veterans-day |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=July 27, 2022 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce explosive detection dogs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patriotdog.com/bomb-dog-services.html|title=Reliable Explosives Detection Dogs – Patriot K-9|access-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929154853/http://www.patriotdog.com/bomb-dog-services.html|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in southern Afghanistan. In less than two years the dogs discovered 15 tons of illegal munitions, IED's, and weapons.<ref>government contract GSO7F-5391P</ref>

In July 2012 it was reported that "sticky bombs", magnetically adhesive IED's that were prevalent in the [[Iraq War]], showed up in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/middle-east/afghanistan/sticky-bombs-like-those-used-in-iraq-now-appearing-in-afghanistan-1.183623|title=Sticky bombs, like those used in Iraq, now appearing in Afghanistan|work=Stars and Stripes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804095019/https://www.stripes.com/theaters/middle_east/sticky-bombs-like-those-used-in-iraq-now-appearing-in-afghanistan-1.183623|archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/07/23/Sticky-bombs-showing-up-in-Afghanistan/UPI-78641343049102/|title=Sticky bombs showing up in Afghanistan|publisher=UPI|date=23 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003318/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2012/07/23/Sticky-bombs-showing-up-in-Afghanistan/UPI-78641343049102/|archive-date= May 6, 2022}}</ref> By 2021 there was at least one sticky bomb attack a day in Kabul. They are used in both traditional assassinations and targeted killings and as terror weapons against the population at large.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gannon |first1=Kathy |title=Sticky Bombs Latest Weapon in Afghanistan's Arsenal of War |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/sticky-bombs-latest-weapon-in-afghanistans-arsenal-of-war/ |website=thediplomat.com |publisher=The Diplomat |access-date=29 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094542/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/sticky-bombs-latest-weapon-in-afghanistans-arsenal-of-war/|archive-date=July 4, 2022}}</ref>

In November 2013 one of the largest IEDs constructed was intercepted near Gardez City in Eastern Afghanistan.  The 61,000 pounds of explosives was hidden under what appeared to be piles of wood.  By comparison, the truck bomb that all but razed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people in 1995 weighed less than 5,000 pounds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghan forces discover truck loaded with 61,000 pounds of explosives |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/11/13/Afghan-forces-discover-truck-loaded-with-61000-pounds-of-explosives/55271384375944/ |publisher=UPI |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> A [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] officer assigned to the nearby FOB Lightning analyzed the potential blast damage, which resulted in closing FOB Goode due to its proximity to the highway.<ref name="Kemper">{{cite journal |last1=Kemper |first1=Bart |title=Blast Modeling for Facility Security Management |journal=International Society of Explosives Engineers |date=January 2019 |volume=Proceedings of the 45th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Techniques |pages=477–486 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330741964}}</ref>

ISAF troops stationed in Afghanistan and other IED prone areas of operation would commonly "BIP" (blow in place) IED's and other explosives that were considered too dangerous to defuse.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

===Egypt===
IEDs are being used by insurgents against government forces during the [[insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://carnegie-mec.org/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency-pub-61683|title=Egypt's Escalating Islamist Insurgency|first1=Mokhtar|last1=Awad|first2=Mostafa|last2=Hashem|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208233729/https://carnegie-mec.org/2015/10/21/egypt-s-escalating-islamist-insurgency-pub-61683|archive-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Sinai insurgency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-sinai/ten-egyptian-troops-killed-by-bombs-during-sinai-fighting-spokesman-idUSKBN16U0YR|title=A dozen Egyptian security personnel killed in Sinai fighting|date=23 March 2017|newspaper=Reuters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003313/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-security-sinai/ten-egyptian-troops-killed-by-bombs-during-sinai-fighting-spokesman-idUSKBN16U0YR|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref>

===India===
IEDs are increasingly being used by [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoists]] in India.{{When|date=August 2021}}<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last=Sethi |first=Aman |date=4 April 2010 |title=Troop fatality figures show changing Maoist strategy |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388033.ece |access-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011232621/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388033.ece |archive-date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>

On 13 July 2011, three IEDs were used by the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] to carry out a [[2011 Mumbai bombings|coordinated attack on the city of Mumbai]], killing 19 people and injuring 130 more.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-blasts-in-mumbai-21-dead-over-140-injured-119083|title=Three blasts in Mumbai, 18 dead, over 130 injured|newspaper=NDTV.com |publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=17 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902103515/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/three-blasts-in-mumbai-21-dead-over-140-injured-119083|archive-date= September 2, 2011}}</ref><ref name="DD News">{{cite web|url=http://www.ddinews.gov.in/National/National+-+Headlines/Death+toll+in+Mumbai.htm|title=Blasts: ATS claims good leads, suicide bomber ruled out|publisher=[[DD News]]|access-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717024108/http://www.ddinews.gov.in/National/National+-+Headlines/Death+toll+in+Mumbai.htm|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

On 21 February 2013, two IEDs were used to carry out [[2013 Hyderabad blasts|bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad]]. The bombs exploded in Dilsukhnagar, a crowded shopping area of the city, within 150 metres of each other.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hyderabad-blasts-indian-mujahideen-suspected-ammonium-nitrate-found-on-site_1803037|title=Hyderabad blasts: Indian Mujahideen suspected, ammonium nitrate found on site – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=22 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225104123/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hyderabad-blasts-indian-mujahideen-suspected-ammonium-nitrate-found-on-site_1803037|archive-date=February 25, 2013}}</ref>

On 17 April 2013, two kilos of explosives used in Bangalore bomb blast at Malleshwaram area, leaving 16 injured and no fatalities. Intelligence sources have said the bomb was an Improvised Explosive Device or IED.<ref>{{cite news|last=NDTV|first=NDTV|title=Bangalore blast: Two kilos of explosives used, say police; CCTV footage offers clues|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/bangalore-blast-two-kilos-of-explosives-used-say-police-cctv-footage-offers-clues-355318|access-date=17 April 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=17 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812235734/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/bangalore-blast-improvised-explosive-device-used-say-sources-519366|archive-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref>

On 21 May 2014, Indinthakarai village supporters of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] were targeted by opponents using over half a dozen crude "country-made bombs". It was further reported that there had been at least four similar bombings in [[Tamil Nadu]] during the preceding year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudipto Mondal|title=Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523002413/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bombs-go-off-at-village-near-kudankulam-nuclear-plant-reports-/article1-1221664.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref>

On 28 December 2014, a minor explosion took place near the Coconut Grove restaurant at Church Street in [[Bangalore]] on Sunday around 8:30&nbsp;pm. One woman was killed and another injured in the blast.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minor explosion at Church Street in Bengaluru|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/450319/minor-explosion-church-street-bengaluru.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 December 2014|access-date=29 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622033542/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/450319/minor-explosion-church-street-bengaluru.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015}}</ref>

During the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], several casualties came from IEDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pathankot-attack-ied-explodes-during-combing-ops-3-more-personnel-die/20160103.htm|title=Pathankot operation continues; 2 terrorists still holed up – Rediff.com India News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405234309/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pathankot-attack-ied-explodes-during-combing-ops-3-more-personnel-die/20160103.htm|archive-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>

On 14 February 2019 in [[2019 Pulwama attack]], several casualties were reported due to IED blast.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/twelve-crpf-jawans-injured-in-ied-blast-in-j-k-1456037-2019-02-14|title=Pulwama terror attack: Suicide bomber drives SUV packed with 300 kg explosives into CRPF bus, 44 men martyred – indiatoday.in|date=14 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303082024/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/twelve-crpf-jawans-injured-in-ied-blast-in-j-k-1456037-2019-02-14|archive-date=March 3, 2023}}</ref>

On 29 October 2023, a series of IED explosions were used to kill 2 attendees at a [[2023 Kerala bombing|Jehovah's Witnesses Convention]] in Kalamassery, India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2023-10-29 |title=Bomb blasts kill three, injure 41 worshippers at Jehovah's Witnesses convention in Kerala's Kalamassery |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/people-killed-several-injured-in-explosion-at-a-convention-centre-in-kalamassery/article67472535.ece |access-date=2023-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Iraq===
[[File:Size0-army mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg|thumb|A [[Stryker]] lies on its side following a buried IED blast in [[Iraq]]. (2007)]]
In the 2003–2011 [[Iraq War]], IEDs have been used extensively against [[Coalition force]]s and by the end of 2007 they have been responsible for at least 64% of Coalition deaths in Iraq.<ref name="icasualties" />

Since the detonation of the first IED in Iraq in 2003, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred in the country, killing and wounding 21,200 Americans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578|title=Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2011|isbn=9781136639470|pages=578}}</ref>

Beginning in July 2003, the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]] used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=30 September 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/09/28/GR2007092802161.html |title=More Attacks, Mounting Casualties |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331143436/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/09/28/GR2007092802161.html|archive-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref> A French study<ref name="Steinhofer">Jean-Pierre Steinhoffer :  " Irak :  les pertes de la Coalition par EEI ", in ''le Casoar'' January 2007.</ref> showed that in Iraq, from March 2003 to November 2006, on a global {{formatnum:3070}} deaths in the US-led invading coalition soldiers, {{formatnum:1257}} were caused by IEDs, i.e. 41%. That is to say more than in the "normal fights" (1027 dead, 34%). Insurgents now{{When|date=August 2021}} use the bombs to target not only invading coalition vehicles but Iraqi police as well.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Common locations for placing these bombs on the ground include animal [[Carrion|carcasses]], [[soft drink can]]s, and [[box]]es.  Typically, they explode underneath or to the side of the vehicle to cause the maximum amount of damage. However, as [[vehicle armour]] was improved on military vehicles, insurgents began placing IEDs in elevated positions such as on [[traffic sign|road signs]], utility poles, or trees, to hit less protected areas.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

IEDs in Iraq may be made with [[artillery]] or [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] [[projectile|shell]]s or with varying amounts of bulk or homemade [[explosive]]s.  Early during the Iraq war, the bulk explosives were often obtained from stored munitions bunkers to include stripping landmines of their explosives.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Despite the increased [[armor]], IEDs are killing military personnel and civilians with greater frequency. May 2007 was the deadliest month for IED attacks thus far, with a reported 89 of the 129 invading coalition casualties coming from an IED attack.<ref name="icasualties">{{Cite web|url=http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113201909/http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx|url-status=dead|title=iCasualties: OIF – Deaths by IED<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref> According to the Pentagon, 250,000 tons (out of 650,000 tons total) of Iraqi heavy ordnance were looted, providing a large supply of ammunition for the insurgents.

In October 2005, the UK government charged that [[Iran]] was supplying insurgents with the technological know-how to make [[shaped charge]] IEDs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4312516.stm |title=Middle East &#124; Iran 'behind attacks on British' |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref> Both Iranian and Iraqi government officials denied the allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315924.stm |title=Middle East &#124; Blair warns Iran over Iraq bombs |work=BBC News |date=6 October 2005 |access-date=18 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm |title=British Official Warns Iran Not to Meddle in Iraq |publisher=Nyjtimes.com |date=8 June 2004 |access-date=18 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232100/http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)]], [[ISIL]] has made extensive use of suicide [[VBIED]]s, often driven by children, elderly and disabled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/|title=Why ISIS Is Building Mad Max Truck Bombs|date=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102141411/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/|archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler|title=ISIS Forcing Children and Disabled People to Drive VBIEDs, Says Isler – Qasion News Agency|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080957/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler|archive-date=October 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/|title=ISIS Releases Photos of Militants Using U.S. M113s as VBIEDS – Defensetech|date=30 October 2014|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105134019/http://defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/|archive-date=November 5, 2014}}</ref>

On August 27, 2023, Israeli security forces successfully foiled an attempt to smuggle Iranian-made explosives into Israel from Jordan. The thwarted smuggling operation in the Jordan Valley aimed to supply terror groups in the West Bank with explosives. Counter-smuggling efforts along the border have led to increased seizures of weapons and explosive devices.<ref>{{Cite news |last= Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2023-08-27  |title= Israel says it foiled bid to smuggle Iran-made explosives over Jordan border |language=en |work= The Times of Israel |url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-foiled-bid-to-smuggle-iran-made-explosives-over-jordan-border/  |access-date=2023-08-31}}</ref>

=== Ireland and the United Kingdom ===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2020}}[[File:Home-made explosives packed in oil drums being dealt with by EOD Operator. MOD 45159058.jpg|thumb|left|Oil-drum roadside IED removed from culvert in 1984]]
[[File:Wheelbarrow bomb disposal device being operated by a team from 321 EOD MOD 45159057.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wheelbarrow (robot)|Wheelbarrow]] counter-IED robot on streets of Northern Ireland in 1978]]
From 1912-1913, the [[Suffragettes]] utilised IEDs in the [[Suffragette bombing and arson campaign]].{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Throughout [[the Troubles]], the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] made extensive use of IEDs in their [[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign|1969–97 campaign]], much of which were made in the [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref name="BVGEF">{{citation|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/republic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519|title=Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian|date=5 April 2019|publisher=[[News Letter]]}}</ref><ref name="NRG">{{cite news|title=Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/|author=John Manley|date=6 April 2019|publisher=[[The Irish News]]}}</ref> They used [[barrack buster]] mortars and remote-controlled IEDs. Members of the IRA developed and counter-developed devices and tactics. IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring [[anti-handling device]]s such as a [[mercury switch|mercury tilt switch]] or [[microswitch]]es. These devices would [[detonate]] the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork [[Memopark timer]], which armed the bomb up to 60 minutes after it was placed<ref>Parry, Gareth; Pallister, David. ''Timer clue to Brighton bombing'', ''[[The Guardian]]''; 10 May 10, 1986</ref> by completing an electrical circuit supplying power to the anti-handling device. Depending on the particular design (e.g., [[boobytrap]]ped [[briefcase]] or [[car bomb]]) an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden, which is what happened in the [[Brighton hotel bombing|Brighton hotel bomb attack]] of 1984. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire. Later, bombs could be detonated by radio control. Initially, simple servos from [[radio-controlled aircraft]] were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians introduced devices that required a sequence of [[Selective calling|pulsed radio codes]] to arm and detonate them. These were harder to jam.

The IRA as well as [[Ulster loyalism|Ulster loyalist]] paramilitaries have also utilized less sophisticated devices, such as homemade grenades crudely thrown at the target.  These are sometimes called "blast bombs".<ref>Examples:<!-- Replace with actual definition, this is just usage-->{{ubl|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3739803.stm UVF 'behind blast bomb'], ''[[BBC News]]'', 23 May 2004.|{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html|title = Frank O'Reilly, the catholic RUC officer killed by loyalists in 1998 |work=The Telegraph |date=11 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134441/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html|archive-date=March 19, 2023}}|[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2760481.stm Blast bomb defused at police station], ''[[BBC News]]'', 14 February 2003}}</ref>

Roadside bombs were extensively used by the IRA. Typically, a roadside bomb was placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing, as with the case of the 1979 [[Warrenpoint ambush]]. As a result of the use of these bombs, the British military stopped transport by road in areas such as South Armagh, and used [[helicopter]] transport instead to avoid the danger.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Most IEDs used commercial or homemade explosives made in the Republic of Ireland, with ingredients such as [[gelignite]] and [[ANFO]] either stolen in construction sites or provided for by supporters in the South,<ref>{{cite book|author=Gearóid Ó Faoleán|title=A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980|date=April 23, 2019|page=54|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2}}</ref><ref name="BVGEF"/><ref name="NRG"/> although the use of [[Semtex]]-H smuggled in from [[Libya]] in the 1980s was also common from the mid-1980s onward. [[Bomb Disposal]] teams from [[321 EOD]] manned by [[Ammunition Technicians]] were deployed in those areas to deal with the IED threat. The IRA also used secondary devices to catch British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in the [[Warrenpoint Ambush]]. Between 1970 and 2005, the IRA detonated 19,000 IEDs in the Northern Ireland and Britain, an average of one every 17 hours for three and a half decades, arguably making it "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490|title=IRA TECHNOLOGY|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506161615/http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490|archive-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> 

In the early 1970s, at the height of the IRA campaign, the [[British Army]] unit tasked with rendering safe IEDs, 321 EOD, sustained significant casualties while engaged in bomb disposal operations. This mortality rate was far higher than other high risk occupations such as deep sea diving, and a careful review was made of how men were selected for [[Explosive Ordnance Disposal|EOD]] operations. The review recommended bringing in [[psychometric]] testing of soldiers to ensure those chosen had the correct mental preparation for high risk bomb disposal duties.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

The IRA came up with ever more sophisticated designs and deployments of IEDs. [[Booby Trap]] or Victim Operated IEDs (VOIEDs), became commonplace. The IRA engaged in an ongoing battle to gain the upper hand in electronic warfare with remote controlled devices. The rapid changes in development led 321 EOD to employ specialists from [[Defence Evaluation and Research Agency|DERA]] (now [[Dstl]], an agency of the MOD), the [[Royal Signals]], and [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Military Intelligence]]. This approach by the British army to fighting the IRA in Northern Ireland led to the development and use of most of the modern weapons, equipment and techniques now used by EOD Operators throughout the rest of the world today.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

The [[bomb disposal]] operations were led by [[Ammunition Technician]]s and [[Ammunition Technical Officer]]s from 321 EOD, and were trained at the [[Felix Centre]] at the [[Army School of Ammunition]].{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

===Israel===
IEDs have been used in many attacks by Palestinian militants and continue to be used in recent attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx |title=Wave of terror (October 2015) |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501151935/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Lebanon===
The [[Lebanese National Resistance Front]], the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], other resistance groups in Lebanon, and later [[Hezbollah]], made extensive use of IEDs to resist Israeli forces after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel withdrew from Beirut, Northern Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon in 1985, whilst maintaining its occupation of Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah frequently used IEDs to attack Israeli military forces in this area up until the Israeli withdrawal, and the end of the invasion of Lebanon in May 2000.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

One such bomb killed Israeli [[Brigadier General]] Erez Gerstein<ref>{{cite book|title=The Essence of Longing: General Erez Gerstein and the War in Lebanon|publisher=Miskal&nbsp;– Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books|date=May 2007|first=Ehud|last=Eiran|language=he}}</ref> on 28 February 1999, the highest-ranking Israeli to die in Lebanon since [[Yekutiel Adam]]'s death in 1982.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

Also in the [[2006 Lebanon War|2006 War in Lebanon]], a [[Merkava]] Mark II [[tank]] was hit by a pre-positioned [[Hezbollah]] IED, killing all 4 [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] servicemen on board,<ref>{{cite journal  | last = Arkin  | first = William M.  | author-link = William Arkin  | title = Divine Victory for Whom? Airpower in the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War  | journal = Strategic Studies Quarterly  | volume = Winter 2007  | page = 9  | publisher = [[United States Air Force]] [[Air Education and Training Command]] [[Air University (United States)|Air University]]  | location = [[Maxwell Air Force Base]], [[Alabama]]  | date = August 2007  | url = http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/ssq/2007/Winter/arkin.pdf  | access-date = 3 December 2008 }}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> the first of two IEDs to damage a Merkava tank.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

===Libya===
Homemade IEDs are used extensively during the [[post-civil war violence in Libya]], mostly in the city of Benghazi against police stations, cars or foreign embassies.<ref>[http://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html IED Attack in Benghazi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235640/http://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html |date=3 March 2016 }} Embassy of the United States, Tripoli-Libya, 6 June 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/01/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/ UK experts help Libya with IED detection] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506004827/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/|date=May 6, 2022}} [[Libya Herald]], 1 October 2012</ref><ref>[http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/ IED explodes in front of Benghazi police station, injures 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131405/http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/ |date=5 January 2016 }} Tavernkeepers.com, 5 November 2012</ref>

===Nepal===
IEDs were also widely used in the 10-years long civil war of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (1994)|Maoists]] in [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal|Nepal]], ranging from those bought from illicit groups in India and China, to self-made devices. Typically used devices were [[pressure cooker bomb]]s, socket bombs, pipe bombs, bucket bombs, etc. The devices were used more for the act of terrorizing the urban population rather than for fatal causes, placed in front of governmental offices, street corners or road sides. Mainly, the home-made IEDs were responsible for destruction of majority of structures targeted by the Maoists and assisted greatly in spreading terror among the public.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

===Nigeria===
[[Boko Haram]] are using IEDs during their insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://punchng.com/boko-haram-ied-kills-three-soldiers-in-borno/|title=Boko Haram IED kills three soldiers in Borno|newspaper=Punch Newspapers |date=21 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516131251/https://punchng.com/boko-haram-ied-kills-three-soldiers-in-borno/|archive-date=May 16, 2022 |last1=Ojoye |first1=Taiwo }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201612140678.html|title=Nigeria: Boko Haram IED Kills Another Lieutenant Colonel|first=Ibrahim|last=Sawab|newspaper=Allafrica.com |date=14 December 2016|via=AllAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html|title=Just In: Boko Haram kills four people as Buhari marks one year in office|first=Jasmine|last=Buari|date=29 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518130138/https://www.naij.com/843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html|archive-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201703240502.html|title=Nigeria: Troops Destroy Boko Haram IED factory, Rescue 4 Women, 6 Children|newspaper=Allafrica.com |date=24 March 2017|via=AllAfrica}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
[[Taliban]] and other insurgent groups use IEDs against police, military, security forces, and civilian targets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/|title=Pakistan, IEDs and the law: an overview – AOAV|date=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523120646/https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/|archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616|title=Why IEDs are weapon of choice for militants in KP|first=Salman|last=Yousafzai|date=7 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924223505/https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616|archive-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm|title=Majority of IEDs are traced to Pakistan - USATODAY.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003311/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm|archive-date=May 6, 2022}}</ref>

=== Russia ===
IEDs have also been popular in [[Chechnya]], where Russian forces were engaged in fighting with rebel elements.  While no concrete statistics are available on this matter, bombs have accounted for many Russian deaths in both the [[First Chechen War]] (1994–1996) and the [[Second Chechen War|Second]] (1999–2009).{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

=== Somalia ===
[[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al Shabaab]] is using IEDs during the [[Somali Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559|title=KDF soldier killed, five injured in al Shabaab attack near Kenya-Somali border|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033335/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559|archive-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817211319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc| archive-date=2017-08-17 | url-status=dead|title=AMISOM Calls for Support against Al Shabab's IEDs|last=NBS TV Uganda|date=3 September 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://idalenews.com/archives/69651|title=Bomb hits AMISOM convoy near Leego district – idalenews.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034735/http://idalenews.com/archives/69651|archive-date=April 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://somaliafocus.com/somalia-huge-blast-targets-amisom-convoy-two-dead/|title=Somalia: Huge Blast Targets Amisom Convoy, Two Dead|date=23 July 2016|access-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080959/http://somaliafocus.com/somalia-huge-blast-targets-amisom-convoy-two-dead/|archive-date=18 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
[[File:ISIL IEDs.jpg|thumb|right|Captured IEDs from a cache left behind by the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], Syria, 26 January 2019]]
During the [[Syrian Civil War]], militant insurgents were using IEDs to attack buses, cars, trucks, tanks and military convoys.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328010754/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83P4pNkl7C4|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2015|title=YouTube|website=youtube.com}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221212011945/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/syrian-military-defectors-damascus-blasts Syrian security forces set off Damascus bombs blamed on al-Qaida – defectors] Guardian, 18 May 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.antiwar.com/2012/07/24/syrian-rebels-now-using-ieds-like-in-afghan-quagmire/|title=Like Afghan Counterparts, Syrian Rebels Now Using IEDs|date=25 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126083438/https://news.antiwar.com/2012/07/24/syrian-rebels-now-using-ieds-like-in-afghan-quagmire/|archive-date=November 26, 2022}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Syrian Air Force]] has used [[barrel bomb]]s to attack targets in cities and other areas. Such barrel bombs consist of barrels filled with high explosives, oil, and shrapnel, and are dropped from helicopters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26043061|title=US condemns Aleppo barrel bomb raids|work=BBC News|date=5 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25466541|title=Barrel bombs a sign of brutal Syria war|first=Jonathan|last=Marcus|work=BBC News|date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

Along with mines and IEDs, [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] also used VBIEDs in Syria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/isis-used-this-huge-crudely-modified-truck-to-attack-a-1726246835|title=ISIS Used This Huge Crudely Modified Truck To Attack A Key Syrian Air Base|first=Tyler|last=Rogoway|date=24 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003317/https://jalopnik.com/isis-used-this-huge-crudely-modified-truck-to-attack-a-1726246835|archive-date=May 6, 2022 }}</ref> including during [[2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing]]. See also: [[Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war]].

===Uganda===
On 16 November 2021, suicide bombers set off two powerful explosions in the center of Uganda's capital Kampala during rush hour in an attack later claimed by Islamic State. There have been a number of bomb explosions in 2021. In October, a 20-year-old waitress was killed after a device, left in a shopping bag, detonated in a bar in the city. Days later several people were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up in a bus near Kampala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59302917|title = Kampala blasts: Suicide bombers target Ugandan capital|work = BBC News|date = 16 November 2021}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg|thumb|The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the [[Oklahoma City bombing]]]]
In the 1995 [[Oklahoma City bombing]], [[Timothy McVeigh]] and [[Terry Nichols]] built an IED with [[ammonium nitrate]] fertilizer, [[nitromethane]], and stolen commercial explosives in a rental truck, with [[sandbag]]s used to concentrate the explosive force in the desired direction. McVeigh detonated it next to the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]], killing 168 people, 19 of whom were children.

High school students [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]] used multiple IEDs during the [[Columbine High School massacre]] on 20 April 1999, including two large [[propane]] bombs that were placed in the cafeteria, powerful enough to kill or injure everyone inside the room, along with [[pipe bombs]], [[Molotov cocktails]], and also two [[car bombs]], designed to attack [[first responder]]s and [[news reporter]]s responding to the initial bombing. Both propane bombs and both car bombs failed to detonate correctly. They then went on to shoot and kill 13 people before committing suicide. If all bombs detonated, there could have been hundreds killed in the massacre, but nobody was injured by any of the explosives during the massacre. The pair had planned to exceed the death count during the Oklahoma City bombing four years earlier.{{according to whom?|date=October 2024}}

In January 2011, a [[2011 Spokane bombing attempt|shaped pipe bomb was discovered]] and defused at a [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] memorial march in [[Spokane, Washington]]. The FBI said that the bomb was specifically designed to cause maximum harm as the explosive device was, according to the ''Los Angeles Times'', packed with fishing weights covered in rat poison, and may have been racially motivated. No one was injured during the event.

On 15 April 2013, as the annual [[Boston Marathon]] race was concluding, two bombs were [[Boston Marathon bombing|detonated]] seconds apart close to the finish line. Initial FBI response indicated suspicion of IED [[pressure cooker bomb]]s.

On 17–19 September 2016, [[2016 New York and New Jersey bombings|several explosions]] occurred in [[Manhattan]] and [[New Jersey]]. The sources of the explosions were all found to be IEDs of various types, such as pressure cooker bombs and [[pipe bomb]]s

Many IED-related arrests are made each year in circumstances where the plot was foiled before the device was deployed, or the device exploded but no one was injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/13/557629826/suspect-in-would-be-airport-bombing-nabbed-with-help-from-rei|title=Suspect in Would-Be Airport Bombing Nabbed With Help From REI|newspaper=NPR|date=13 October 2017|last1=Domonoske|first1=Camila|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225060629/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/13/557629826/suspect-in-would-be-airport-bombing-nabbed-with-help-from-rei|archive-date=December 25, 2022}}</ref>

A number of deaths and property damage occurring during [[gender reveal party|gender reveal parties]] have been caused by the detonation of improvised explosive devices. These include the 2017 [[Sawmill Fire (2017)|Sawmill Fire]], which was started by the detonation of a mass of [[tannerite]] intended to disperse coloured powder,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Andrea Diaz |title=Officials release video from gender reveal party that ignited a 47,000-acre wildfire |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/us/arizona-gender-reveal-party-sawmill-wildfire-trnd/index.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=CNN|date=28 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303090615/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/27/us/arizona-gender-reveal-party-sawmill-wildfire-trnd/index.html|archive-date=March 3, 2021}}</ref> and an incident in 2019 where an IED similarly designed to release powder exploded in a manner similar to a pipe bomb, killing a 56-year-old woman after shrapnel struck her in the head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=Sheriff: Gender reveal party explosion was a stunt gone awry {{!}} Iowa {{!}} lacrossetribune.com |url=https://lacrossetribune.com/news/state-and-regional/ia/sheriff-gender-reveal-party-explosion-was-a-stunt-gone-awry/article_58f39ad2-f4cb-58c7-9820-d0b59fce98e9.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030234807/https://lacrossetribune.com/news/state-and-regional/ia/sheriff-gender-reveal-party-explosion-was-a-stunt-gone-awry/article_58f39ad2-f4cb-58c7-9820-d0b59fce98e9.html |archive-date=30 October 2019 }}</ref>

===Ukraine===
IEDs are in use in the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sofmag.com/49000-ieds-in-ukraine-and-counting/|title=NATO: IEDs: NEUTRALIZED: 49000 IEDs in Ukraine – Soldier of Fortune Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315054028/https://www.sofmag.com/49000-ieds-in-ukraine-and-counting/|archive-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nato-project.github.io/|title=Ukraine IED Incidents|website=nato-project.github.io|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509131441/https://nato-project.github.io/|archive-date= May 9, 2022}}</ref> and have also been used there for assassinations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/17/prominent-warlord-arsen-motorola-pavlov-killed-donetsk-blast|title=Prominent rebel warlord Arseny 'Motorola' Pavlov dies in Donetsk blast|first=Shaun|last=Walker|date=17 October 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202123155/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/17/prominent-warlord-arsen-motorola-pavlov-killed-donetsk-blast|archive-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>

===Vietnam===
IEDs were used during the [[Vietnam War]] by the [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|Viet Cong]] against land- and river-borne vehicles as well as personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/vietnam/minesouthviet.htm |title=Mine Warfare in South Vietnam |publisher=History.navy.mil |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427055646/http://history.navy.mil/wars/vietnam/minesouthviet.htm|archive-date=April 27, 2004}}</ref> They were commonly constructed using materials from unexploded American [[Unexploded ordnance|ordnance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/series/pt_05.html |title=American Experience &#124; Vietnam Online &#124; Transcript &#124; PBS |publisher=pbs.org |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912160532/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/series/pt_05.html|archive-date=September 12, 2005}}</ref> Thirty-three percent of U.S. casualties in Vietnam and twenty-eight percent of deaths were officially attributed to mines; these figures include losses caused by both IEDs and commercially manufactured mines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/gen1/General-03.htm |title=In Its Own Words |publisher=Hrw.org |access-date=18 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815201437/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/gen1/General-03.htm|archive-date=August 15, 2022}}</ref>

===Yemen===
[[Houthis]] are using IEDs<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen|title=Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% in five years|first=Richard|last=Norton-Taylor|date=26 April 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027102834/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen|archive-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> against Saudi-led coalition and Hadi's forces during [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE| archive-date=2016-11-27 | url-status=dead|title=Yemen: Houthi IED Ambush on Pro-Hadi Convoy near al-Ba'aqa Crossing|last=Ram_Z|date=14 October 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=August 2022}} [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] and [[Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)|Saudi–Yemeni border conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnUlqSIurKs| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/hnUlqSIurKs| archive-date=2021-10-31 | url-status=live|title=Yemen war 2016– Houthis fighters destroyed Saudi M1 Abrams Tank by IED in Jizan|last=News Of Yemen|date=8 February 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510065120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw| archive-date=2016-05-10 | url-status=dead|title=Houthis ambush a convoy of Saudi Vehicles in Najran|last=Al-Masdar News|date=26 January 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406173701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s| archive-date=2017-04-06 | url-status=dead|title=Ambush against a #Saudi military vehicle in Alhgelh site in #Najran|last=YEMEN WAR|date=11 March 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414085059/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2017|title=When Houthis attack IV – March 2017 – Saudi Arabia|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

[[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] and [[ISIL]] in Yemen are also known to use IEDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/|title=National C-IED initiatives: Middle East – Yemen – AOAV|date=1 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113115650/https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/|archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>