Editing Open access (section)

=== Article impact ===
[[File:Open access citation advantage.png|thumb|Comparison of OA publications to non-OA publications for academic citations (n=44),<ref name="mckiernan">{{Cite journal |last1=McKiernan |first1=Erin C |last2=Bourne |first2=Philip E |last3=Brown |first3=C Titus |last4=Buck |first4=Stuart |last5=Kenall |first5=Amye |last6=Lin |first6=Jennifer |last7=McDougall |first7=Damon |last8=Nosek |first8=Brian A |last9=Ram |first9=Karthik |last10=Soderberg |first10=Courtney K |last11=Spies |first11=Jeffrey R |date=7 July 2016 |editor-last=Rodgers |editor-first=Peter |title=How open science helps researchers succeed |journal=eLife |volume=5 |pages=e16800 |doi=10.7554/eLife.16800 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=4973366 |pmid=27387362 |doi-access=free }}</ref> HTML views (n=4),<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xianwen |last2=Liu |first2=Chen |last3=Mao |first3=Wenli |last4=Fang |first4=Zhichao |date=1 May 2015 |title=The open access advantage considering citation, article usage and social media attention |journal=Scientometrics |language=en |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=555–564 |arxiv=1503.05702 |bibcode=2015arXiv150305702W |doi=10.1007/s11192-015-1547-0 |issn=1588-2861 |s2cid=14827780}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Philip M. |date=30 March 2011 |title=Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing |journal=The FASEB Journal |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=2129–2134 |doi=10.1096/fj.11-183988 |doi-access=free |issn=0892-6638 |pmid=21450907 |s2cid=205367842}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Philip M. |date=2010 |title=Does open access lead to increased readership and citations? A randomized controlled trial of articles published in APS journals |journal=The Physiologist |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=197, 200–201 |issn=0031-9376 |pmid=21473414}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Philip M. |last2=Lewenstein |first2=Bruce V. |last3=Simon |first3=Daniel H. |last4=Booth |first4=James G. |last5=Connolly |first5=Mathew J. L. |date=31 July 2008 |title=Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=337 |issue=jul31 1 |pages=a568 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a568 |issn=0959-8138 |pmc=2492576 |pmid=18669565}}</ref> PDF downloads (n=3),<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> Twitter (n=2),<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":10"/> Wikipedia (n=1)<ref name=":8" />]]
Since published articles report on research that is typically funded by government or university grants, the more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career.<ref name="uk">[http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?/archives/28-guid.html Maximising the Return on the UK's Public Investment in Research – Open Access Archivangelism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065339/http://openaccess.eprints.org/index.php?%2Farchives%2F28-guid.html|date=2 July 2017}}. Openaccess.eprints.org (14 September 2005). Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref><ref>Garfield, E. (1988) [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025161152/http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v11p354y1988.pdf|date=25 October 2005}} ''Current Comments'', No. 44, 31 October 1988</ref>

Some professional organizations have encouraged use of open access: in 2001, the [[International Mathematical Union]] communicated to its members that "Open access to the mathematical literature is an important goal" and encouraged them to "[make] available electronically as much of our own work as feasible" to "[enlarge] the reservoir of freely available primary mathematical material, particularly helping scientists working without adequate library access".<ref name="imu">{{Cite web |last=Committee on Electronic Information and Communication (CEIC) of the [[International Mathematical Union]] |date=15 May 2001 |title=Call to All Mathematicians |url=http://cr.yp.to/bib/imu-call.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051055/http://cr.yp.to/bib/imu-call.html |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref>

==== Readership ====
OA articles are generally viewed online and downloaded more often than paywalled articles and that readership continues for longer.<ref name=":10"/><ref name=":9" /> Readership is especially higher in demographics that typically lack access to subscription journals (in addition to the general population, this includes many medical practitioners, patient groups, policymakers, non-profit sector workers, industry researchers, and independent researchers).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=ElSabry |first=ElHassan |date=1 August 2017 |title=Who needs access to research? Exploring the societal impact of open access |url=http://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/3271 |url-status=live |journal=Revue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication |language=en |issue=11 |doi=10.4000/rfsic.3271 |issn=2263-0856 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831011404/https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/3271 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> OA articles are more read on publication management programs such as Mendeley.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Adie |first=Euan |date=24 October 2014 |title=Attention! A study of open access vs non-open access articles |url=https://figshare.com/articles/Attention_A_study_of_open_access_vs_non_open_access_articles/1213690 |url-status=live |journal=Figshare |language=en |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.1213690.v1 |s2cid=155854134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103050320/https://figshare.com/articles/Attention_A_study_of_open_access_vs_non_open_access_articles/1213690 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref> Open access practices can reduce publication delays, an obstacle which led some research fields such as high-energy physics to adopt widespread preprint access.<ref>{{Cite arXiv |eprint=0906.5418 |class=cs.DL |first1=Anne |last1=Gentil-Beccot |first2=Salvatore |last2=Mele |title=Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories |last3=Brooks |first3=Travis |year=2009}}</ref>

==== Citation rate ====
{{See also|FUTON bias}}
[[File:Open access addendum for authors to publishers.pdf|thumb|right|Authors may use form language like this to request an open access license when submitting their work to a publisher.]]
[[File:How Open Access Empowered a 16-Year-Old to Make Cancer Breakthrough.ogv|thumb|A 2013 interview on [[paywall]]s and open access with [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]] Director [[Francis Collins]] and inventor [[Jack Andraka]]]]

A main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their [[citation impact]].<ref>Swan, Alma (2006) [http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=1719&ChandosTitle=1 The culture of Open Access: researchers' views and responses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522085011/http://www.woodheadpublishing.com/en/book.aspx?bookID=1719&ChandosTitle=1 |date=22 May 2012}}. In: Neil Jacobs (Ed.) ''Open access: key strategic, technical and economic aspects'', Chandos.</ref> Open access articles are typically [[Citation|cited]] more often than equivalent articles requiring subscriptions.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Piwowar |first1=Heather |last2=Priem |first2=Jason |last3=Larivière |first3=Vincent |last4=Alperin |first4=Juan Pablo |last5=Matthias |first5=Lisa |last6=Norlander |first6=Bree |last7=Farley |first7=Ashley |last8=West |first8=Jevin |last9=Haustein |first9=Stefanie |date=13 February 2018 |title=The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=6 |pages=e4375 |doi=10.7717/peerj.4375 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=5815332 |pmid=29456894 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2010 |others=Alma Swan |title=The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103050318/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/ |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |website=eprints.soton.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Tennant |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Waldner |first2=François |last3=Jacques |first3=Damien C. |last4=Masuzzo |first4=Paola |last5=Collister |first5=Lauren B. |last6=Hartgerink |first6=Chris. H. J. |date=21 September 2016 |title=The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review |journal=F1000Research |volume=5 |pages=632 |doi=10.12688/f1000research.8460.3 |issn=2046-1402 |pmc=4837983 |pmid=27158456 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|date=2021-06-01|title=The open access advantage for studies of human electrophysiology: Impact on citations and Altmetrics|journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology|language=en|volume=164|pages=103–111|doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.006|issn=0167-8760|last1=Clayson|first1=Peter E.|last2=Baldwin|first2=Scott A.|last3=Larson|first3=Michael J.|pmid=33774077|s2cid=232409668|doi-access=free}}</ref> This 'citation advantage' was first reported in 2001.<ref>[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/online-nature01/ Online or Invisible? Steve Lawrence; NEC Research Institute] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316145522/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/online-nature01/|date=16 March 2007}}. Citeseer.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> Although two major studies dispute this claim,<ref name="Davis 2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=P. M |last2=Lewenstein |first2=B. V |last3=Simon |first3=D. H |last4=Booth |first4=J. G |last5=Connolly |first5=M. J L |year=2008 |title=Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial |journal=BMJ |volume=337 |issue=jul31 1 |pages=a568 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a568 |pmc=2492576 |pmid=18669565}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=P. M. |year=2011 |title=Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing |journal=[[The FASEB Journal]] |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=2129–34 |doi=10.1096/fj.11-183988 |doi-access=free |pmid=21450907 |s2cid=205367842}}</ref> the consensus of multiple studies support the effect,<ref name="mckiernan" /><ref name="autogenerated3">[http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html Effect of OA on citation impact: a bibliography of studies] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102234006/http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html|date=2 November 2017}}. Opcit.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011.</ref> with measured OA citation advantage varying in magnitude between 1.3-fold to 6-fold depending on discipline.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swan |first=Alma |date=2010 |others=Alma Swan |title=The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103050318/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/268516/ |archive-date=3 January 2020 |website=eprints.soton.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Clayson 103–111">{{Cite journal |last1=Clayson |first1=Peter E. |last2=Baldwin |first2=Scott A. |last3=Larson |first3=Michael J. |date=2021-06-01 |title=The open access advantage for studies of human electrophysiology: Impact on citations and Altmetrics |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=164 |pages=103–111 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.03.006 |pmid=33774077 |s2cid=232409668 |issn=0167-8760|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Citation advantage is most pronounced in OA articles in hybrid journals (compared to the non-OA articles in those same journals),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eysenbach |first=Gunther |date=16 May 2006 |editor-last=Tenopir |editor-first=Carol |title=Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e157 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040157 |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=1459247 |pmid=16683865 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and with articles deposited in green OA repositories.<ref name="doi10.1371/journal.pone.0011273" /> Notably, green OA articles show similar benefits to citation counts as gold OA articles.<ref name="Clayson 103–111"/><ref name=":11" /> Articles in gold OA journals are typically cited at a similar frequency to paywalled articles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Björk |first1=Bo-Christer |last2=Solomon |first2=David |date=17 July 2012 |title=Open access versus subscription journals: a comparison of scientific impact |journal=BMC Medicine |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=73 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-10-73 |issn=1741-7015 |pmc=3398850 |pmid=22805105 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Citation advantage increases the longer an article has been published.<ref name=":10" />

==== Altmetrics ====
In addition to format academic [[citation]], other forms of research impact ([[altmetrics]]) may be affected by OA publishing,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":11" /> constituting a significant "amplifier" effect for science published on such platforms.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Teplitskiy |first1=M. |last2=Lu |first2=G. |last3=Duede |first3=E. |year=2016 |title=Amplifying the impact of open access: Wikipedia and the diffusion of science |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=2116 |arxiv=1506.07608 |doi=10.1002/asi.23687 |s2cid=10220883}}</ref> Initial studies suggest that OA articles are more referenced in blogs,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shema |first1=Hadas |last2=Bar-Ilan |first2=Judit |last3=Thelwall |first3=Mike |date=15 January 2014 |title=Do blog citations correlate with a higher number of future citations? Research blogs as a potential source for alternative metrics |journal=Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=1018–1027 |doi=10.1002/asi.23037 |issn=2330-1635 |s2cid=31571840}}</ref> on Twitter,<ref name=":6" /> and on English Wikipedia.<ref name=":8" /> The OA advantage in altmetrics may be smaller than the advantage in academic citations, although findings are mixed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alhoori |first1=Hamed |last2=Ray Choudhury |first2=Sagnik |last3=Kanan |first3=Tarek |last4=Fox |first4=Edward |last5=Furuta |first5=Richard |last6=Giles |first6=C. Lee |date=15 March 2015 |title=On the Relationship between Open Access and Altmetrics |journal=IConference 2015 Proceedings |url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/73451 |url-status=live |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103052404/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/73451 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="Clayson 103–111"/>