Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

=== Adaptive paradigm ===
{{Main|Robert Langs}}
The ''adaptive paradigm'' of psychotherapy develops out of the work of [[Robert Langs]]. The ''adaptive paradigm'' interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious and unconscious adaptation to reality. Langs' recent work in some measure returns to the earlier Freud, in that Langs prefers a modified version of the [[id, ego, and super-ego|topographic model]] of the mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) over the [[id, ego, and super-ego|structural model]] (id, ego, and super-ego), including the former's emphasis on trauma (though Langs looks to death-related traumas rather than sexual traumas).<ref name="Langs R 2010"/> At the same time, Langs' model of the mind differs from Freud's in that it understands the mind in terms of evolutionary biological principles.<ref>[[Robert Langs|Langs, Robert]]. 2010. ''Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling''. London: [[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave-MacMillan]].</ref>