Editing Reproductive rights (section)

===Bride kidnapping or buying and reproductive slavery===
{{Main|Bride kidnapping|Bride price}}

[[File:Johann Moritz Rugendas-el rapto.jpg|thumb|left|The painting depicts a Chilean woman being kidnapped during a [[malón]]]]

[[Bride kidnapping]] or marriage by abduction, is the practice whereby a woman or girl is abducted for the purpose of a [[forced marriage]]. Bride kidnapping has been practiced historically in many parts of the world, and it continues to occur today in some places, especially in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]], in countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Armenia, as well as in Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping/one-in-five-girls-and-women-kidnapped-for-marriage-in-kyrgyzstan-study-idUSKBN1AH5GI | title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan| journal=Reuters| date=August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10913297 | title=Chechen stolen brides 'exorcised'| journal=BBC News| date=10 August 2010| last1=Ash| first1=Lucy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopias-abducted-wives-1922263.html | title=Kidnapped. Raped. Married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's| website=[[Independent.co.uk]]| date=17 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4763185.stm#sa-link_location=story-body&intlink_from_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13681053&intlink_ts=1522860542128-sa | title=Ethiopian girls fear forced marriage| date=14 May 2006}}</ref> Bride kidnapping is often preceded or followed by rape (which may result in pregnancy), in order to force the marriage – a practice also supported by "[[marry-your-rapist law]]" (laws regarding sexual violence, abduction or similar acts, whereby the perpetrator avoids prosecution or punishment if he marries the victim<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mellen|first1=Ruby|title=The Rapist's Loophole: Marriage|journal=Foreign Policy|date=March–April 2017|issue=223|page=20}}</ref>). Abducting of women may happen on an individual scale or on a mass scale. [[Raptio]] is a Latin term referring to the large-scale abduction of women, usually for marriage or sexual slavery, particularly during wartime.

[[Bride price]], also called bridewealth, is money, property, or other form of wealth paid by a groom or his family to the parents of the woman he marries. The practice of bride price sometimes leads to parents selling young daughters into marriage and to trafficking.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Human+rights+groups+ask+NWFP+Govt.+to+ban+%27bride+price%27+to+curb+women...-a0216984357 | title=Human rights groups ask NWFP Govt. To ban 'bride price' to curb women Trafficking. – Free Online Library}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=26256/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126135528/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/news/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=130/focusContentID=26256/tableName=mediaRelease/overideSkinName=newsArticle-full.tpl | url-status=dead | archive-date=26 January 2013 | title=Islands Business – PNG Police blame bride price for violence in marri...| date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Bride price is common across Africa.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33810273 | title=Bride price practices in Africa| journal=BBC News| date=6 August 2015}}</ref> Such forced marriages often lead to [[sexual violence]], and [[forced pregnancy]]. In [[northern Ghana]], for example, the payment of bride price signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control are at risks of threats and coercion.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bawah | first1 = Ayaga Agula | last2 = Akweongo | first2 = Patricia | last3 = Simmons | first3 = Ruth | last4 = Phillips | first4 = James F. | title = Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in Northern Ghana | journal = [[Studies in Family Planning]] | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–66 | date = 1999 | url = https://www.popcouncil.org/research/womens-fears-and-mens-anxieties-the-impact-of-family-planning-on-gender-rel | doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x| pmid = 10216896 | hdl = 2027.42/73927 | hdl-access = free }} [http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/councilarticles/sfp/SFP301Bawah.pdf Pdf.]</ref>

The 1956 [[Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery]] defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include:<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/SupplementaryConventionAbolitionOfSlavery.aspx | title=OHCHR &#124; Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery}}</ref>

c) Any institution or practice whereby:
* (i) A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or
* (ii) The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or
* (iii) A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person;