Editing Semitic languages (section)

==Bibliography==
<!-- The entries in the bibliography are (or should) in alphabetical order. Comments show names of named references -->
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* {{Cite book |last1=Afsaruddin |first1=Asma |last2=Zahniser |first2=A. H. Mathias |title=Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt |date=1997 |publisher=Penn State University Press |isbn=978-1-57506-020-0 |location=Winona Lake, Ind. |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt |jstor=10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327111329/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Austin |editor-first1=Peter K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC |title=One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9 |location=Berkeley |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080934/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Baasten |first=Martin F. J. |title=Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday |date=2003 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=90-429-1215-4 |editor-last=Baasten |editor-first=M. F. J. |pages=57–73 |chapter=A Note on the History of 'Semitic' |editor-last2=Van Peursen |editor-first2=W. Th. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIIvqaVaLacC&pg=PA58 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Patrick R. |title=Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual |date=1998 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=1-57506-021-3 |location=Winona Lake, Indiana}}
* {{cite book|last = Blau|first = Joshua|title = Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew|year = 2010|publisher = Eisenbrauns|location= Winona Lake, Indiana|isbn=978-1-57506-129-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Coghill |first=Eleanor |title=The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic: Cycles of Alignment Change |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-872380-6 |location=Oxford}}
* {{cite journal|last=Davies|first=John|title=On the Semitic Languages, and their relations with the Indo-European Class. Pt I. On the Nature and Development of Semitic Roots|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924120;view=1up;seq=181|year=1854|issue=10|ref=Davies|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183158/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924120;view=1up;seq=181|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Davies|first=John|title=On the Semitic Languages, and their relations with the Indo-European Class. Pt II. On the Connection of Semitic Roots with corresponding forms in the Indo-European Class of Languages|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924120;view=1up;seq=250|year=1854|issue=13|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183043/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924120;view=1up;seq=250|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Dolgopolsky |first=Aron |title=From Proto-Semitic to Hebrew |year=1999 |publisher=Centro Studi Camito-Semitici di Milano |location=Milan}}
* {{cite book |title=Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Literatur |volume=6 |author-link=Johann Gottfried Eichhorn |first=Johann Gottfried |last=Eichhorn |year=1794 |trans-title=General Library of Biblical Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nk7AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA773 |language=de |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526080937/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nk7AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA773#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brock |first=Sebastian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSTcZAyKJNAC |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-85073-8 |editor-last=Cameron |editor-first=Averil |editor-link=Averil Cameron |volume=13: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425 |location=Cambridge |pages=708–719 |chapter=Syriac Culture, 337–425 |editor-last2=Garnsey |editor-first2=Peter |editor-link2=Peter Garnsey |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081438/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSTcZAyKJNAC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph H. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2F3KfTWX_AC&dq=geez+%22word+order%22+verb&pg=PA157 |title=Approaches to Language Typology |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-823866-5 |editor-last=Shibatani |editor-first=Masayoshi |location=Oxford |pages=145–166 |chapter=The Diachronic Typological Approach to Language |editor-last2=Bynon |editor-first2=Theodora |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081439/https://books.google.com/books?id=n2F3KfTWX_AC&dq=geez+%22word+order%22+verb&pg=PA157#v=onepage&q=geez%20%22word%20order%22%20verb&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Bergsträsser |first=Gotthelf |title=Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches |date=1995 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=0-931464-10-2 |location=Winona Lake, Indiana |translator-last=Daniels |translator-first=Peter T. |author-link=Gotthelf Bergsträsser |translator-link=Peter T. Daniels}}
* {{Cite book |last=Garbini |first=Giovanni |title=Le lingue semitiche: studi di storia linguistica |trans-title=Semitic languages: studies of linguistic history |date=1984 |publisher=Istituto Orientale |location=Naples |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Garbini |first1=Giovanni |title=Introduzione alle lingue semitiche |trans-title=Introduction to Semitic languages |last2=Durand |first2=Olivier |date=1994 |publisher=Paideia |location=Brescia |language=it}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goldenberg |first=Gideon |title=Semitic Languages: Features, Structures, Relations, Processes |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-964491-9 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackett |first=Jo Ann |year=2006 |chapter=Semitic Languages |editor1=Keith Brown |editor2=Sarah Ogilvie |pages=929–935 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA931 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080877754 |via=Google Books |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081439/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA931#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Harrak |first=Amir |year=1992 |title=The ancient name of Edessa |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=209–214 |doi=10.1086/373553 |jstor=545546 |s2cid=162190342}}
* {{cite book |last=Hetzron |first=Robert |title=The Semitic Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA123 |year=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-05767-7 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hetzron |first1=Robert |last2=Kaye |first2=Alan S. |last3=Zuckermann |first3=Ghil'ad |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315644936/world-major-languages-bernard-comrie |title=The World's Major Languages |chapter=Semitic Languages |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |pages=568–576 |isbn=978-1-315-64493-6 |editor-last=Comrie |editor-first=Bernard |edition=3rd |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315644936 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219021153/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315644936/world-major-languages-bernard-comrie |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Grover |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWhvl4hD7S4C |title=The Semitic Languages |last2=Kogan |first2=Leonid E. |date=1997 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-05767-1 |editor-last=Hetzron |editor-first=Robert |location=New York |chapter=Amharic and Argobba |pages=457–485 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081440/https://books.google.com/books?id=RWhvl4hD7S4C |url-status=live }}
* {{Citation |last=Izre'el |first=Shlomo |title=Canaano-Akkadian |date=1987c |url=https://www.tau.ac.il/~izreel/publications/CanAkkMethRequisites_2007.pdf |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021074302/https://www.tau.ac.il/~izreel/publications/CanAkkMethRequisites_2007.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Kiraz |first=George Anton |author-link=George Kiraz |title=Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages |year=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521631969 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dpl3dHMjVZcC |quote=The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as ''Oriental languages''. }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kitchen |first1=A. |last2=Ehret |first2=C. |last3=Assefa |first3=S. |date=2009 |title=Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1668 |pages=2703–10 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0408 |pmc=2839953 |pmid=19403539}}
* {{cite book |last=Kitto |first=John |author-link=John Kitto |title=A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature |year=1845 |publisher=[[William Clowes Ltd.|W. Clowes and Sons]] |location=London |quote=That important family of languages, of which the Arabic is the most cultivated and most widely-extended branch, has long wanted an appropriate common name. The term ''Oriental'' languages, which was exclusively applied to it from the time of [[Jerome]] down to the end of the last century, and which is even now not entirely abandoned, must always have been an unscientific one, inasmuch as the countries in which these languages prevailed are only the ''east'' in respect to Europe; and when [[Sanskrit]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], and other idioms of the [[Far East|remoter East]] were brought within the reach of our research, it became palpably incorrect. Under a sense of this impropriety, [[Johann Gottfried Eichhorn|Eichhorn]] was the first, as he says himself (Allg. Bibl. Biblioth. vi. 772), to introduce the name ''Semitic'' languages, which was soon generally adopted, and which is the most usual one at the present day. [...] In modern times, however, the very appropriate designation ''Syro-Arabian languages'' has been proposed by Dr. [[James Cowles Prichard|Prichard]], in his ''Physical History of Man''. This term, [...] has the advantage of forming an exact counterpart to the name by which the only other great family of languages with which we are likely to bring the Syro-Arabian into relations of contrast or accordance, is now universally known—the ''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-Germanic]]''. Like it, by taking up only the two extreme members of a whole sisterhood according to their geographical position when in their native seats, it embraces all the intermediate branches under a common band; and, like it, it constitutes a name which is not only at once intelligible, but one which in itself conveys a notion of that affinity between the sister dialects, which it is one of the objects of [[Comparative linguistics|comparative philology]] to demonstrate and to apply.}}
* {{cite book |last=Kogan |first=Leonid |editor-last=Weninger |editor-first=Stefan |title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC&pg=PA54 |year=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-025158-6 |chapter=Proto-Semitic Phonology and Phonetics }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuntz |first=Marion Leathers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=030L3fsNSPIC |title=Guillaume Postel: Prophet of the Restitution of All Things His Life and Thought |date=1981 |publisher=Nijhoff |isbn=90-247-2523-2 |location=The Hague |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081452/https://books.google.com/books?id=030L3fsNSPIC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Kogan |first=Leonid |title=The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-11-025158-6 |editor-last=Weninger |editor-first=Stefan |chapter=Proto-Semitic Phonology and Phonetics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC |access-date=7 May 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170312/https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzgBLT87MkC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Levine |first=Donald N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC |title=Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-226-22967-6 |edition=2. |publisher=University of Chicago Press |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081440/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmFQejWaaYC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar |date=2001 |publisher=Peeters |isbn=90-429-0815-7 |edition=2nd |location=Leuven |author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)}}
* Mustafa, Arafa Hussein. 1974. ''Analytical study of phrases and sentences in epic texts of Ugarit.'' (German title: Untersuchungen zu Satztypen in den epischen Texten von Ugarit). Dissertation. Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-University.
* {{Cite book |last=Moscati |first=Sabatino |title=An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: Phonology and Morphology |date=1969 |publisher=Harrassowitz |location=Wiesbaden}}
* {{cite journal |last=Moscati |first=Sabatino |year=1958 |title=On Semitic Case-Endings |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1086/371454 |s2cid=161828505}}
* {{cite journal |last=Müller |first=Hans-Peter |title=Ergative Constructions In Early Semitic Languages |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=261–271 |jstor=545846 |doi=10.1086/373769 |s2cid=161626451}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nebes |first=Norbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica |date=2005 |publisher=Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-05238-2 |editor-last=Uhlig |editor-first=Siegbert |chapter=Epigraphic South Arabian |location=Wiesbaden}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ullendorff |first=Edward |title=The Semitic Languages of Ethiopia: A Comparative Phonology |date=1955 |publisher=Taylor's (Foreign) Press |location=London |author-link=Edward Ullendorff}}
* {{cite book |last=Owens |first=Jonathan |date=2013 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJoAgAAQBAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199344093 |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081441/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJoAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Phillipson |first1=David |title=Foundations of an African Civilization, Aksum and the Northern Horn 1000 BC-AD 1300 |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781846158735 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/foundations-of-an-african-civilisation/085D477B9A156FEE4C8D1A3128B9B52A |access-date=6 May 2021 |quote=The former belief that this arrival of South-Semitic-speakers took place in about the second quarter of the first millennium BC can no longer be accepted in view of linguistic indications that these languages were spoken in the northern Horn at a much earlier date. |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526081945/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/foundations-of-an-african-civilisation/085D477B9A156FEE4C8D1A3128B9B52A |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ruhlen |first=Merritt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYwmDE3f6wUC |title=A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification |date=1991 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-1894-6 |location=Stanford, California |quote=The other linguistic group to be recognized in the eighteenth century was the Semitic family. The German scholar Ludwig von Schlozer is often credited with having recognized, and named, the Semitic family in 1781. But the affinity of Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic had been recognized for centuries by Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars, and this knowledge was published in Western Europe as early as 1538 (see Postel 1538). Around 1700 Hiob Ludolf, who had written grammars of Geez and Amharic (both Ethiopic Semitic languages) in the seventeenth century, recognized the extension of the Semitic family into East Africa. Thus when von Schlozer named the family in 1781 he was merely recognizing genetic relationships that had been known for centuries. Three Semitic languages (Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew) were long familiar to Europeans both because of their geographic proximity and because the Bible was written in Hebrew and Aramaic. |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526082005/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYwmDE3f6wUC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sánchez |first=Francisco del Río |url=https://www.academia.edu/3782152 |title=Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Selected Papers. |date=2013 |publisher=Oriens Academic |isbn=978-84-695-7829-2 |editor-last=Monferrer-Sala |editor-first=Juan Pedro |location=Córdoba |editor-last2=Watson |editor-first2=Wilfred G. E. |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911023114/https://www.academia.edu/3782152 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Smart |first=J. R. |title=Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature |date=2013 |others=Smart, J. R., Shaban Memorial Conference (2nd : 1994 : University of Exeter) |isbn=978-1-13678-812-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Richmond, Surrey, U.K.}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Versteegh |first=Kees |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tghviSsrF8C |title=The Arabic Language |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11152-2 |location=New York |author-link=Kees Versteegh |access-date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526082009/https://books.google.com/books?id=2tghviSsrF8C |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Waltke |first1=Bruce K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZlwYGilLW0C |title=An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax |last2=O'Connor |first2=Michael Patrick |date=1990 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=0-931464-31-5 |volume=3 |location=Winona Lake, Indiana |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526082948/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZlwYGilLW0C |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |url=http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-824137-2 |author-link=Janet Watson (linguist) |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301132237/http://www.kamal-osman.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Phonolgy-and-Morphology-of-Arabic-watson.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-01 |url-status=dead |via=[[Wayback Machine]] }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Woodard |editor-first=Roger D. |year=2008 |title=The Ancient Languages of Syrio-Palestine and Arabia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |url=http://e-learning.tsu.ge/pluginfile.php/5868/mod_resource/content/0/dzveli_armosavluri_enebi_-ugarituli_punikuri_arameuli_ebrauli_arabuli.pdf |access-date=17 May 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190458/https://e-learning.tsu.ge/pluginfile.php/5868/mod_resource/content/0/dzveli_armosavluri_enebi_-ugarituli_punikuri_arameuli_ebrauli_arabuli.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wright |first1=William |title=Lectures on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages |last2=Smith |first2=William Robertson |date=1890 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}} [2002 edition: {{ISBN|1-931956-12-X}}]
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