Editing Work design (section)

==== Personal initiative ====
{{main|Personal initiative}}
''Personal initiative'' refers to self-starting behaviours by an employee that are consistent with the mission of the organization, has a long term focus, are goal directed and action oriented, and are persistent in the face of difficulty.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frese|first1=Michael|last2=Fay|first2=Doris|date=January 2001|title=4. Personal initiative: An active performance concept for work in the 21st century|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-3085(01)23005-6|journal=Research in Organizational Behavior|volume=23|pages=133–187|doi=10.1016/s0191-3085(01)23005-6|issn=0191-3085}}</ref> Additionally, these behaviours typically go beyond what is required of the employee in their work role.<ref name=":8" />