Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

=== Asia ===
Anti-Americanism in the Middle East and parts of Asia has substantially increased due to U.S sanctions and military involvement in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq worsening relations and public opinion. However East and South Asian countries like the Philippines, South Korea and India remains the most Pro-American countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokes |first=Bruce |title=Which countries don't like America and which do |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/15/which-countries-dont-like-america-and-which-do/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=Pew Research Center |date=15 July 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref> 

==== East Asia ====

=====China=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in China}}
{{See also|May 24 incident}}
China has a history of anti-Americanism beginning with the general disdain for foreigners in the early 19th century that culminated in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900, which the U.S. helped in militarily suppressing.

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and World War II, the U.S. provided economic and military assistance to the [[Chiang Kai-shek]] government against the Japanese invasion. In particular, the "[[China Hands]]" (American diplomats known for their knowledge of China) also attempted to establish diplomatic contacts with [[Mao Zedong]]'s communist regime [[Dixie Mission|in their stronghold in Yan'an]], with a goal of fostering unity between the Nationalists and Communists.<ref>John Service, ''The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US – China Relations'' (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California Press, 1971), 191 – 192.</ref> However, relations soured after communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the relocation of the Chiang government to [[Taiwan]], together with the start of the [[Cold War]] and rise of [[McCarthyism]] in U.S. politics. The newly communist China and the U.S. fought a major undeclared [[Korean War|war in Korea, 1950–53]] and, as a result, President [[Harry S. Truman]] began advocating a policy of containment and sent the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] to deter a possible communist invasion of Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry S Truman, "Statement on Formosa," January 5, 1950|url=http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232642/http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. signed the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] with Taiwan which lasted until 1979 and, during this period, the communist government in Beijing was not diplomatically recognized by the U.S. By 1950, virtually all American diplomatic staff had left mainland China, and one of Mao's political goals was to identify and destroy factions inside China that might be favorable to capitalism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Qiu Xu | first1 = Guang | year = 2000 | title = U.S. Air Aid and the CCP's Anti-American Campaign, 1945–1949 | journal = Air Power History | volume = 47 | issue = 1| pages = 24–39}}</ref><ref>Michael M. Sheng, "Chinese Communist Policy Toward the United States and the Myth of the 'Lost Chance,' 1948–1950," ''Modern Asian Studies'' 28 (1994); [[Chen Jian (academic)|Chen Jian]], ''China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (Columbia University Press, 1994)</ref>

Mao initially ridiculed the U.S. as "[[paper tiger]]" occupiers of Taiwan, "the enemy of the people of the world and has increasingly isolated itself" and "monopoly capitalist groups",<ref>{{cite web |author=Mao Tse Tung |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |title=Quotations from Mao Tse Tung – Chapter 6 |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816041622/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was argued that Mao never intended friendly relations with the U.S.<ref>Michael M. Sheng, ''Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States'' (Princeton University Press, 1997) ch 1</ref> However, due to the [[Sino-Soviet split]] and increasing tension between China and the Soviet Union, US President [[Richard Nixon]] signaled a diplomatic rapprochement with communist China, and [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|embarked on an official visit in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nixon|first=Richard|title=Announcement of the President's Trip to China|url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|work=US-China documents collection|publisher=USC US-China Institute|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111171025/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|url-status=live}}</ref> Diplomatic relations between the two countries were eventually restored in 1979. After Mao's death, [[Deng Xiaoping]] embarked on economic reforms, and hostility diminished sharply, while large-scale trade and investments, as well as cultural exchanges became major factors. Following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], the U.S. placed economic and military sanctions upon China, although official diplomatic relations continued.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html The West Condemns the Crackdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909200418/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html |date=9 September 2021 }}, New York Times, 5 June 1989.</ref>
[[File:Anti-American Protests in Nanjing, 1999 (flickr 2543499638).jpg|thumb|Anti-American protests in Nanjing following the [[U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]], 1999]]

In 2013, 53% of Chinese respondents in a [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] survey had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of the U.S.<ref name="pew"/> Relations improved slightly near the end of Obama's term in 2016, with 44% of Chinese respondents expressing an unfavorable view of the U.S compared to 50% of respondents expressing a favorable view.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-06-28|title=A Look at America's International Image|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613145926/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been a significant increase in anti-Americanism since U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] launched a [[China–United States trade war|trade war]] against China, with Chinese media airing [[Korean War]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|title=The Dangerous Reprise of Chinese Korean War Propaganda|last=Diplomat|first=Andrew Kuech, The|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|date=14 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121451/https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|title=China's Propaganda Machine Takes Aim at U.S. Over Trade War|last=Hernández|first=Javier C.|date=2019-05-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909213325/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, ''[[Global Times]]'' said that "the trade war with the U.S. at the moment reminds Chinese of military struggles between China and the U.S. during the Korean War."<ref name=":0" />

=====Japan=====
[[File:The protesting crowd in Ginowan on 2009-11-08.jpg|thumb|Okinawans protesting against the U.S. [[Marine Corps Air Station Futenma]] in [[Ginowan]], 8 November 2009]]
In Japan, objections to the behavior and presence of American military personnel are sometimes reported as anti-Americanism, such as the [[1995 Okinawa rape incident]].<ref name="CNNOkinawa">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|title=Thousands rally against U.S. bases in Okinawa|access-date=11 April 2008|publisher=CNN|date=21 October 1995|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055447/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |title=Road deaths ignite Korean anti-Americanism |access-date=11 April 2008 |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160744/http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |archive-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref> {{as of|2008}}, the ongoing U.S. military presence on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] remained a contentious issue in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |title=Rice soothes Japan on rape case |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2008 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055449/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While protests have arisen because of specific incidents, they are often reflective of deeper historical resentments. Robert Hathaway, director of the Wilson Center's Asia program, suggests: "The growth of anti-American sentiment in both Japan and South Korea must be seen not simply as a response to American policies and actions, but as reflective of deeper domestic trends and developments within these Asian countries".<ref name="WilsonProgram">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |title=The Making of "Anti-American" Sentiment in Korea and Japan 
 |date=6 May 2003 
 |website=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017162435/http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |archive-date=17 October 2007 
}}</ref> In Japan, a variety of threads have contributed to anti-Americanism in the post-war era, including [[pacifism]] on the left, [[Japanese nationalism|nationalism]] on the right, and opportunistic worries over American influence in Japanese economic life.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korean Attitudes Toward the United States: Changing Dynamics |chapter=Anti-Americanism in Japan |last=Glosserman |first=Bob |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |year=2005 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1435-9 |pages=34–45 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231002041/https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From the [[Postwar Japan|postwar]] until today, most conservatives, including the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="Hitoshi Tanaka">{{cite book |author1=Hitoshi Tanaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeXkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Historical Narratives of East Asia in the 21st Century: Overcoming the Politics of National Identity |quote=... Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, founded in 1997, shared “anti-American conservative” convictions, rather than a “pro-American conservative” attitude similar to the LDP's political stance. |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-000-05317-3 }}</ref> have a pro-American view; there are "[[anti-American conservative]]" who are critical of this and seek to preserve Japan's independent foreign policy or cultural values.

=====South Korea=====
{{See also|Anti-American sentiment in Korea}}
Speaking to the Wilson Center, [[Katharine Moon]] notes that while the majority of South Koreans support the American alliance "anti-Americanism also represents the collective venting of accumulated grievances that in many instances have lain hidden for decades".<ref name=WilsonProgram/> In the 1990s, scholars, policy makers, and the media noted that anti-Americanism was motivated by the rejection of authoritarianism and a resurgent nationalism, this nationalist anti-Americanism continued into the 2000s fueled by a number of incidents such as the [[South Korea and the International Monetary Fund|IMF crisis]].<ref>Korea's democratisation, Ed Samuel S. Kim, Cambridge university press 2003, Page 135 and 136</ref> During the early 1990s, [[Western princess]], prostitutes for American soldiers became a symbol of anti-American nationalism.<ref name="Cho91">{{cite book |last= Cho |first= Grace |title= Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0816652754 |page= 91 |access-date= 8 November 2020 |archive-date= 18 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210818004323/https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |url-status= live }}</ref>

"Dear American" is an anti-American song sung by [[Psy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Imam|first=Jareen|title=PSY apologizes for viral anti-American lyrics|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 December 2012|date=10 December 2012|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902000922/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Fucking USA]]" is an anti-American [[protest song]] written by South Korean singer and activist Yoon Min-suk. Strongly anti-U.S. foreign policy and anti-Bush, the song was written in 2002 at a time when, following the [[Apolo Ohno]] Olympic controversy and [[Yangju highway incident|an incident in Yangju]] in which two Korean middle school students died after being struck by a U.S. Army vehicle, anti-American sentiment in South Korea reached high levels.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ Ohno Becomes Most Reviled Athlete in South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151928/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ |date=24 September 2015 }}, Fox News, 20 February 2010.</ref> However, by 2009, a majority of South Koreans were reported as having a favorable view of the United States.<ref>[http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 Opinion of the United States : 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523043654/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Pew Global Attitudes Project.</ref> In 2014, 58% of South Koreans had a favorable view of the U.S., making South Korea one of the world's most pro-American countries.<ref name=bbcpoll />

=====North Korea=====
[[File:NKmuseum.jpg|thumb|North Koreans touring the [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities|Museum of American War Atrocities]] in 2009]]
[[North Korea–United States relations|Relations between North Korea and the United States]] have been hostile ever since the [[Korean War]], and the former's more recent development of [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons and long range missiles]] has further increased tension between the two nations.<ref name="NWTNKorea">{{cite news |title=In Focus: North Korea's Nuclear Threats |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121731/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States currently maintains a [[United States Forces Korea|military presence in South Korea]], and President [[George W. Bush]] had previously described North Korea as part of the "[[Axis of Evil]]".

In North Korea, July is the "Month of Joint Anti-American Struggle," with festivities to denounce the U.S.<ref name="NKH">{{cite book |title=North Korea Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=369 |isbn=9780765635235 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Southeast Asia====
[[File:Anti-Islam Film protests (8009245996).jpg|thumb|Protesters in [[Kuala Lumpur]] take to the streets to demonstrate against the ''[[Innocence of Muslims]]'' film.]]

=====Philippines=====
[[File:Protest_Mobilization_Against_State_Visit_of_Xi_Jinping_US-China_Flag_Burning_by_Students_from_University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman_and_Ateneo_de_Manila.jpg|thumb|Student-activists from University of the Philippines and Ateneo de Manila University burn the flags of China and US to protest against their encroachment of Philippine sovereignty.]]
Anti-American sentiment has existed in the Philippines, owing primarily to the [[Philippine–American War]] of more than 100 years ago, and the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|1898–1946 period of US colonial rule]]. One of the country's most recognizable patriotic hymns, {{langx|es|[[Bayan Ko|Nuestra patria]]|label=none}} ({{lit|Our Fatherland}}; {{langx|tl|Bayan Ko|lit=My Country}}), written during the Philippine–American War, makes reference to "the [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|Anglo-Saxon]] … who with vile treason subjugates [the Fatherland]".<ref name="pedrosa2014">{{cite news|last=Navarro Pedrosa|first=Carmen|author-link=Carmen Pedrosa|date=2014-06-01|title=A Small 'Correction' Reveals an Important Detail|url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2014/06/01/1329687/small-correction-reveals-important-detail |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> The song then exhorts the invaded and later occupied nation to "free [it]self from the traitor."<ref name="pedrosa2014" /> Mojarro (2020) wrote that, during the US occupation, "Filipino intellectuals and patriots fully rejected US tutelage of Philippine politics and the economy,"<ref name="mojarro2020">{{cite web|last=Mojarro Romero|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/09/01/opinion/columnists/how-good-were-filipino-writers-in-spanish/761878|date=2020-09-01|title=How Good Were Filipino Writers in Spanish?|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first=Jorge}}</ref> adding that "The [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish language]] was understood then as a tool of cultural and political resistance."<ref name="mojarro2020" /> [[Manuel L. Quezon]] himself refused to learn [[English language in the Philippines|English]], having "felt betrayed by the Americans whom [the [[Katipunan]]] considered allies against Spain".<ref name="custodio2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/10/supplements/manila-times-owners/290511|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first=Arlo|last=Custodio|title=The Manila Times Owners|date=2016-10-10}}</ref>

Statesman and internationally renowned [[Hispanophone]] writer [[Claro Mayo Recto]] had once dared to oppose the [[national security]] interests of the US in the Philippines, such as when he campaigned against the US military bases in his country. During the 1957 presidential campaign, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) conducted black propaganda operations to ensure his defeat, including the distribution of condoms with holes in them and marked with "Courtesy of Claro M. Recto" on the labels.<ref name=WorstBook>The Worst Book of 2002. [http://www.main.nc.us/books/books.cgi?theworstbookof2002 Review of ''The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208052845/http://main.nc.us/books/books.cgi?theworstbookof2002 |date=2008-12-08 }}, by Max Boot. 2003 Retrieved March 17, 2009</ref><ref name=Simbulan>Simbulan, Roland. [http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/filipinas/doc/cia.html ''Covert Operations and the CIA's Hidden History in the Philippines'']. 18 Aug. 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2009.</ref> The CIA is also suspected of involvement in his death by [[heart attack]] less than three years later. Recto, who had no known heart disease, met with two mysterious "Caucasians" wearing business suits before he died. US government documents later showed that a plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison was discussed by CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and US Ambassador Admiral [[Raymond Spruance]] years earlier.<ref name=WorstBook/><ref name=Simbulan/>

In October 2012, American ships were found dumping toxic wastes into Subic Bay, spurring anti-Americanism and setting the stage for multiple rallies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/11/14/866561/dumping-us-toxic-wastes-phl-triggers-anti-american-rhetoric |title=Dumping of US toxic wastes in Phl triggers anti-American rhetoric &#124; Breaking News, Other Sections, Home |publisher=philstar.com |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121732/https://www.philstar.com/breaking-news/2012/11/14/866561/dumping-us-toxic-wastes-phl-triggers-anti-american-rhetoric |url-status=live }}</ref> When U.S. president Barack Obama toured Asia, in mid to late April 2014 to visit Malaysia, South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines, hundreds of Filipino protests demonstrated in [[Manila]] shouting anti-Obama slogans, with some even burning mock U.S. flags.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/anti-obama-protesters-clash-police-manila |title=Anti-Obama protesters clash with police in Manila |date=April 23, 2014 |website=bigstory.ap.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207183332/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/anti-obama-protesters-clash-police-manila |archive-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

The controversial [[Visiting Forces Agreement (Philippines – United States)|Visiting Forces Agreement]] adds further fuel to anti-American sentiment, especially among [[Philippine Muslims]]. US military personnel have also been tried and convicted for rapes and murders committed on Philippine soil against civilians.<ref name="bauzón&al2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/10/15/news/top-stories/us-marine-charged-murder-transgenders-slay/134607/|title=US Marine Charged with Murder in Transgender's Slay|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|first1=Bernice Camille|last1=Bauzón|first2=Joel|last2=M. Sy-Egco|date=2014-10-15}}</ref> These service personnel would later either be freed by the justice system or receive a presidential pardon.<ref name=MTed2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/09/10/opinion/editorial/was-pemberton-pardon-a-clever-geopolitical-move/766705/|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]|date=2020-09-10|title=Was Pemberton Pardon a Clever Geopolitical Move?}}</ref>

However, despite these incidents, a poll conducted in 2011 by the BBC found that 90% of Filipinos have a favorable view of the U.S., higher than the view of the U.S. in any other country.<ref name="worldpublicopinion.org">[http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123070720/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/mar11/BBCEvalsUS_Mar11_rpt.pdf |date=23 November 2012 }}, 7 March 2011.</ref> According to a Pew Research Center Poll released in 2014, 92% of Filipinos viewed the U.S. favorably, making the Philippines the most pro-American nation in the world. The election of [[Rodrigo Duterte]] in 2016, along with persistently high approval ratings thereafter,<ref name=cruz2022>{{cite news|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/02/07/news/duterte-maintains-very-goodnet-satisfaction-rating-sws/1832105|last=Cruz|first=Kaithreen|date=2022-02-07|title=Duterte Maintains 'Very Good' Net Satisfaction Rating —SWS|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]}}</ref> nevertheless herald a new era marked by [[neonationalism]] and a resurgent anti-Americanism founded on what had by then been long-unattended historical grievances.<ref name=parameswaran2016>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/why-the-philippines-rodrigo-duterte-hates-america/|title=Why the Philippines' Rodrigo Duterte Hates America|date=2016-11-01|first=Prashanth|last=Parameswaran|magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref name=vinay2017>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2017-03-15/a-look-at-global-neo-nationalism-after-brexit-and-donald-trumps-election|magazine=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|title=How Neo-Nationalism Went Global|last=Vinay|first=Karoline Postel|date=2017-03-15}}</ref>

====South Asia====

=====Afghanistan=====

{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Afghanistan}}
[[List of drone strikes in Afghanistan|Drone strikes]] have led to growing anti-Americanism.<ref>Michael J. Boyle, "The costs and consequences
of drone warfare," ''International Affairs'' 89#1 (2013), pp. 1–29.</ref>

=====Pakistan=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Pakistan}}
Negative attitudes toward the U.S.'s influence on the world has risen in [[Pakistan]] as a result of [[Drone strikes in Pakistan|U.S. drone attacks on the country]] introduced by [[George W. Bush]] and continued by [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0708/p99s01-duts.html|title=Fresh drone attacks in Pakistan reignite debate|author=Liam Stack|date=8 July 2009|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=11 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711170322/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0708/p99s01-duts.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-22-pakistan-aziz_x.htm |title=Pakistan seeks to quell anti-American sentiments |work=USA Today |date=23 January 2006 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025144213/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-22-pakistan-aziz_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In a poll surveying opinions toward the United States, Pakistan scored as the most negatively aligned nation, jointly alongside [[Serbia]].<ref name="B92_2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=07&nav_id=60329 |title=Strongest anti-American sentiment in Serbia, Pakistan |publisher=B92.net |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608092000/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=07&dd=07&nav_id=60329 |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref>

====Middle East====
After [[World War I]], admiration was expressed for [[President of the United States|American President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s promulgation of democracy, freedom and self-determination in the [[Fourteen Points]] and, during [[World War II]], the high ideals of the [[Atlantic Charter]] received favorable notice.<ref name="Tamim Ansary 2009">Tamim Ansary (2009) ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'': 333</ref> According to [[Tamim Ansary]], in ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'' (2009), early views of America were mostly positive in the [[Middle East]] and the [[Muslim World]].<ref name="Tamim Ansary 2009"/>

Just as they do elsewhere in the world, spikes in anti-Americanism in the region correlate with the adoption or the reiteration of certain policies by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], in special its support for [[Israel]] in the [[Palestinian territories|occupation of Palestine]] and the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/|title=America's Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project|date=14 March 2007|access-date=16 July 2013|publisher=Pew Research|archive-date=2 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602043427/http://www.pewglobal.org/2007/03/14/americas-image-in-the-world-findings-from-the-pew-global-attitudes-project/|url-status=live}}</ref> In regards to [[September 11 attacks|9/11]], a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll noted that while most [[Muslims]] (93%) polled opposed the attacks, 'radicals' (7%) supported it, citing in their favor, not religious view points, but disgust at [[United States foreign policy in the Middle East|U.S. policies]].<ref name=gallup937>{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw |title=Major survey challenges Western perceptions of Islam |date=26 February 2008 |access-date=16 July 2013 |publisher=Agence Free Presse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084234/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZlsZRgzHmgwj6sKpA7PR5F5Ecsw |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> In effect, when targeting U.S. or other Western assets in the region, radical armed groups in the Middle East, [[Al-Qaeda]] included, have made reference to U.S. policies and alleged [[crimes against humanity]] to justify their attacks. For example, to explain the [[Khobar Towers bombing]] (in which 19 [[United States Air Force|American airmen]] were killed), Bin Laden, although proven to have not committed the attack, named U.S. support for Israel in instances of attacks against Muslims, such as the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] and the [[Qana massacre]], as the reasons behind the attack.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235|title=The Structures of Love: Art and Politics Beyond the Transference|isbn=9781438439747|access-date=26 October 2014|last1=Penney|first1=James|date=28 April 2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817143929/https://books.google.com/books?id=RfM5eJkh3ygC&q=sabra%20shatila%20%20facts&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda also cited the [[United States sanctions|U.S. sanctions]] on and [[1998 bombing of Iraq|bombing of Iraq]] in the [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] (1991–2003), which exacted a large toll in the Arab country's civilian population, as a justification to kill Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |title=World Islamic Front Statement Urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders |publisher=Fas.org |date=23 February 1998 |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421110549/http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although right-wing scholars (e.g. Paul Hollander) have given prominence to the role that religiosity, culture and backwardness play in inflaming anti-Americanism in the region, the poll noted that radicalism among Arabs or Muslims isn't correlated with poverty, backwardness or religiosity. Radicals were in fact shown to be better educated and wealthier than 'moderates'.<ref name=gallup937 />

There is also, however, a cultural dimension to anti-Americanism among religious and conservative groups in the Middle East. It may have its origins with [[Sayyid Qutb]]. Qutb, an [[Egyptian people|Egyptian]] who was the leading intellectual of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], studied in [[Greeley, Colorado]] from 1948 to 1950, and wrote a book, ''The America I Have Seen'' (1951) based on his impressions. In it he decried everything in America from individual freedom and taste in music to Church socials and haircuts.<ref>David Von Drehle, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070822102733/http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/february/presence.php A Lesson In Hate] ''Smithsonian Magazine''</ref> Wrote Qutb, "They danced to the tunes of the [[Phonograph|gramophone]], and the dance floor was replete with tapping feet, enticing legs, arms wrapped around waists, lips pressed to lips, and chests pressed to chests. The atmosphere was full of desire..."<ref name="Siegel2003-05-06">Siegel, Robert [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 Sayyid Qutb's America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509085250/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1253796 |date=9 May 2021 }}, NPR, ''All Things Considered'', 6 May 2003. Retrieved 29 April 2007.</ref> He offered a distorted chronology of American history and was disturbed by its sexually liberated women: "The American girl is well acquainted with her body's seductive capacity. She knows it lies in the face, and in expressive eyes, and thirsty lips. She knows seductiveness lies in the round breasts, the full buttocks, and in the shapely thighs, sleek legs – and she shows all this and does not hide it".<ref name="Siegel2003-05-06" /> He was particularly disturbed by [[jazz]], which he called the American's preferred music, and which "was created by [[Negro]]es to satisfy their love of noise and to whet their sexual desires ..."<ref>''Amrika allati Ra'aytu'' (The America that I Have Seen) quoted on Calvert (2000)</ref> Qutb's writings influenced generations of militants and radicals in the Middle East who viewed America as a cultural temptress bent on overturning traditional customs and morals, especially with respect to the relations between the sexes.

Qutb's ideas influenced [[Osama bin Laden]], an anti-American extremist from [[Saudi Arabia]], who was the founder of the [[Jihadi]]st organization [[Al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{cite book |first = Michael |last = Scheuer |title = Through Our Enemies' Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America |page = 110 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110 |isbn = 9781574885521 |publisher = Potomac Books, Inc. |date = 2002 |access-date = 8 November 2020 |archive-date = 18 September 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210918100300/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMu742Y4tuMC&pg=PA110 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>Abdel Bari Atman (2007) ''The Secret History of Al-Qa'ida''. London: Abacus: 34-5, 65–7</ref> In conjunction with several other Islamic militant leaders, bin Laden issued two [[fatwa|fatawa]] – [[Fatāwā of Osama bin Laden|in 1996 and then again in 1998]] – that Muslims should kill military personnel and civilians of the United States until the United States government withdraw military forces from [[Muslim world|Islamic countries]] and withdraw support for Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |title=Bin Laden'S Fatwa |publisher=Pbs.org |date=20 August 1998 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html|title=Online NewsHour: Al Qaeda's 1998 Fatwa |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|access-date=21 August 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060901093550/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1998.html| archive-date= 1 September 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref>

After the 1996 fatwa, entitled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places", bin Laden was put on a criminal file by the U.S. [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) under an [[American Civil War]] statute which forbids instigating violence and attempting to overthrow the U.S. government.<ref>Lawrence Wright (2007) ''The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda's Road to 9/11''. London, Penguin: 4–5</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html Text of the 1996 fatwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108175653/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html |date=8 January 2007 }}, translation by [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]</ref> He has also been indicted in [[United States federal court]] for his alleged involvement in the [[1998 U.S. embassy bombings]] in [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], and was on the FBI's [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|Ten Most Wanted Fugitives]] list.<ref name="cbc-2004">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654 |title=Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11 |publisher=CBC News |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=2 November 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061025044652/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/bin-laden-claims-responsibility-for-9-11-1.513654| archive-date= 25 October 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |title=Osama claims responsibility for 9/11 |work=The Times of India |date=24 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225185732/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms |archive-date=25 December 2007 }}</ref> On 14 January 2009, bin Laden vowed to continue the fight and open up new fronts against the U.S. on behalf of the Islamic world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jY32dmO87b2tbtDi0F-xCtrJTWNgD95N2DEG0|title=Bin Laden Jihad call|access-date=10 November 2016}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2002 and in mid-2004, [[Zogby International]] polled the favorable/unfavorable ratings of the U.S. in Saudi Arabia, [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Morocco]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE). In Zogby's 2002 survey, 76% of Egyptians had a negative attitude toward the United States, compared with 98% in 2004. In Morocco, 61% viewed the country unfavorably in 2002, but in two years, that number had jumped to 88 percent. In Saudi Arabia, such responses rose from 87% in 2002 to 94% in 2004. Attitudes were virtually unchanged in Lebanon but improved slightly in the UAE, from 87% who said in 2002 that they disliked the United States to 73% in 2004.<ref name="Zogby">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html|title=Poll Shows Growing Arab Rancor at U.S|first=Dafna|last=Linzer|date=23 July 2004|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A26|access-date=24 August 2017|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420213830/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7080-2004Jul22.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, most of these countries mainly objected to foreign policies that they considered unfair.<ref name="Zogby"/>

=====Iran=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in Iran}}
[[File:Protests after US decision to withdraw from JCPOA, around former US embassy, Tehran - 8 May 2018 26.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Two protesters in [[Iran]] tearing an [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] at an anti-American rally after the [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|American withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal]]]]
The chant "[[Death to America]]" ([[Persian language|Persian]]: مرگ بر آمریکا) has been in use in [[Iran]] since at least the [[Iranian revolution]] in 1979,<ref>Robert Tait, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran 'America wants Iran to be dependent on it and Iranians don't want that'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609064248/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/02/usa.iran |date=9 June 2021 }}, 2 February 2006, The Guardian.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Philip Herbst|title=Talking terrorism: a dictionary of the loaded language of political violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32486-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WL&pg=PA6 6]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=WL-IYCCe58EC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asadzade |first1=Peyman |title=Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran |journal=Journal of Global Security Studies |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=545–559 |doi=10.1093/jogss/ogy038 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463 |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726085931/https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-abstract/4/4/545/5366463 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> along with other phrases often represented as anti-American. A 1953 [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|coup]] which involved the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] was cited as a grievance.<ref>Tamim Ansary (2009) ''Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes'': 334</ref> State-sponsored murals characterized as anti-American dot the streets of [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Michael Dumper|author2=Bruce E. Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA351 351]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122203322/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nathan Gonzalez|title=Engaging Iran: the rise of a Middle East powerhouse and America's strategic choice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99742-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC&pg=PR9 ix]|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=5 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKRq123CSlIC|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been suggested that under [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] anti-Americanism was little more than a way to distinguish between domestic supporters and detractors, and even the phrase "[[Great Satan]]"<ref>Sanger, David E.: "Bombs Away?", Upfront, The New York Times, 16</ref> which has previously been associated with anti-Americanism, appears to now signify both the American and [[Government of the United Kingdom|British]] governments.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Boris | last=Johnson | title=What has Ayatollah Khamenei of Iran got against little old Britain? | date=22 June 2009 | access-date=5 April 2018 | archive-date=11 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811110408/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/borisjohnson/5599270/What-has-Ayatollah-Khamenei-of-Iran-got-against-little-old-Britain.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041 |title=World News " UK is Tehran's 'Great Satan' |newspaper=Gulf Daily News |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419114609/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=254041 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Iran hostage crisis]] that lasted from 1979 to 1981, in which fifty-two [[Americans]] were held hostage in [[Tehran]] for 444 days, was also a demonstration of anti-Americanism, one which considerably worsened [[Iran–United States relations|mutual perceptions]] between the U.S. and Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html|title=Iran–U.S. Hostage Crisis (1979–1981)|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126080445/http://www.historyguy.com/iran-us_hostage_crisis.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Jordan=====
Anti-Americanism is felt very strongly in [[Jordan]] and has been on the rise since at least 2003. Despite the fact that Jordan is one of America's closest allies in the Middle East and the [[Government of Jordan]] is pro-American and pro-Western, the anti-Americanism of [[Jordanians]] is among the highest in the world. Anti-Americanism rose dramatically after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], when a United States-led coalition invaded [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] to remove [[Saddam Hussein]] from power. According to several Pew Research Attitudes polls conducted since 2003, 99% of Jordanians viewed the U.S. unfavorably and 82% of Jordanians viewed American people unfavorably. Although 2017 data indicates negative attitudes towards the U.S. and American people have gone down to 82% and 61% respectively, rates of anti-Americanism in Jordan are still among the highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable|title=Opinion of the United States|date=22 April 2010|work=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044008/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&country=223&response=Favorable|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Palestinian territories=====
In July 2013, [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] Cleric Ismat Al-Hammouri, a leader of the [[Jerusalem]]-based [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], called for the destruction of America, [[France]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Rome]] to conquer and destroy the enemies of the "Nation of Islam". He warned: "We warn you, oh America: Take your hands off the Muslims. You have wreaked havoc in [[Syria]], and before that, in [[Afghanistan]] and in [[Iraq]], and now in Egypt. Who do you think we are, America? We are the nation of Islam — a giant and mighty nation, which extends from east to west. Soon, we will teach you a political and military lesson, [[Allah]] willing. Allah Akbar. All glory to Allah".<ref name=warningstowest>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/|title=imam calls for destruction of US and europe|work=The Times of Israel|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=22 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822220319/https://www.timesofisrael.com/imam-calls-for-us-and-europes-destruction-from-temple-mount-pulpit/|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Hammouri also warned U.S. president Barack Obama that there is an impending rise of a united Muslim empire that will instill religious law on all of its subjects.<ref name="warningstowest"/>

=====Saudi Arabia=====
In Saudi Arabia, anti-American sentiment was described as "intense"<ref name=bradley-expo-169
>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave
|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/169 169]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=In the climate of intense anti-American sentiment in Saudi Arabia after September 11, it is certainly true that any association with U.S.-inspired 'reform' ... is fast becoming a hindrance rather than a help.}}</ref> and "at an all-time high".{{When|date=March 2024}}<ref name=bradley-expo-211>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/211 211]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=Anti-U.S. sentiment inside Saudi Arabia is now at an all-time high, following the outrages at the Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad and Washington's continued support for Israel's often brutal suppression of the Palestinians.}}</ref>

According to the survey taken by the [[General Intelligence Presidency|Saudi intelligence service]] of "educated [[Saudis]] between the ages of 25 and 41" taken shortly after the 9/11 attacks "concluded that 95 percent" of those surveyed supported Bin Laden's cause.<ref name=SCIOLINO>{{cite news|last1=SCIOLINO|first1=ELAINE|title=Don't Weaken Arafat, Saudi Warns Bush|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html|access-date=20 October 2014|agency=New York Times|date=January 27, 2002|quote=A classified American intelligence report taken from a Saudi intelligence survey in mid-October  [2001] of educated Saudis between the ages of 25 and 41 concluded that 95 percent of them supported Mr. bin Laden's cause, according to a senior administration official with access to intelligence reports.|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908104001/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/27/world/don-t-weaken-arafat-saudi-warns-bush.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (Support for Bin Laden reportedly waned by 2006 and by then, the [[Demographics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi population]] become considerably more pro-American, after Al-Qaeda linked groups staged [[Terrorism in Saudi Arabia#2003|attacks]] inside Saudi Arabia.<ref name=TRT>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabians Overwhelmingly Reject Bin Laden, Al Qaeda, Saudi Fighters in Iraq, and Terrorism; Also among most pro-American in Muslim world. Results of a New [2006] Nationwide Public Opinion Survey of Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf|publisher=Terror Free Tomorrow|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227092046/http://www.ka.com.tr/Creator/UploadCenter/Files/TFTSaudiArabiaSurveyDecember20072.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>)  The proposal at the Defense Policy Board to 'take [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] out of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]' was spread as the secret US plan for the kingdom.<ref name=bradley-expo-85>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=John R.|title=Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a Kingdom in Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave
|page=[https://archive.org/details/saudiarabiaexpos00brad/page/85 85]
|isbn=9781403964335|quote=In a region obsessed with conspiracy theories, many Saudis, both Sunni and Shiite, think that Washington has plans to split off the Eastern Province into a separate entity and seize control of its oil reserves after Iraq has stabilized.
}}</ref>

=====Turkey=====
In 2009, during U.S. president [[Barack Obama]]'s visit to Turkey, anti-American protestors held signs saying "Obama, new president of the [[American imperialism]] that is the enemy of the world's people, your hands are also bloody. Get out of our country."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey |title=Protests as Obama Leaves Turkey |publisher=Bianet.org |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611055332/http://bianet.org/english/world/113680-protests-as-obama-leaves-turkey |url-status=live }}</ref> Protestors also shouted phrases such as [[Yankee — go home!|"Yankee go home"]] and "Obama go home".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html |title='Obama go home,' protestors say |publisher=Swamppolitics.com |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507151034/http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2009/04/obama_go_home_protestors_say.html |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html |title=Hope, Criticism Greet Obama in Turkey |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=11 May 2012 |first=Kevin |last=Sullivan |date=6 April 2009 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115173818/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/05/AR2009040500720.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2017 Pew Research poll indicated that 67% of Turkish respondents held unfavourable views of Americans and 82% disapproved of the spread of American ideas and customs in their country; both percentages were the highest out of all the nations surveyed.<ref name=":2" />

Anti-American sentiment in Turkey had existed since the mid-1940s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=1 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> However, Anti-Americanism began to spread primarily in the 1950s due to views that America had begun to dominate Turkey and spread its cultural influence into the middle class.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=1 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref>

Leftist figures such as Mehmet Ali Aybar, who would later become the Chairman of the [[Turkish Worker's Party]], opposed collaboration with the USA and Turkey, on the grounds that US economic aid would turn Turkey into an "Anglo-Saxon satellite state" as early as 1947.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=6 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> The Turkish revolutionary and Maoist [[İbrahim Kaypakkaya]] considered Turkey to be an American semi-colony.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaypakkaya | first = Ibrahim| title = Ibrahim Kaypakkaya selected works | publisher = Nisan Publishing| date = 2014 | pages = 90 (47 on pdf) | language = English | url = https://www.marxists.org/archive/kaypakkaya/works/ibrahim-kaypakkaya-sw-2014.pdf}}</ref> However, there were also growing Anti-American sentiments on the Turkish Right. Conservative newspapers such as Büyük Doğu and Kuvvet also held views that America would in the future meddle in Turkish domestic affairs. Anti-American sentiment spread among more of the public when a law was passed in Turkey that authorized only US officials, to exercise criminal jurisdiction over American personnel in cases where a criminal act had been committed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bilgiç |first1= Tuba|date= 2015 |title=The Roots of Anti-Americanism in Turkey 1945-1960 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/234238 |journal= Bilig|pages=13 |access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> While this on its own did not lead to Anti-American sentiment spreading, it did mean that any incidents resulting from the actions of American personnel would have a considerable impact on popular views towards America. Such incidents often led to anger and resentment to American personnel and America by extension.

Anti-Americanism in Turkey saw a significant rise as a result of the Johnson Letter in the 1960s, which stated that the US was against an invasion of Cyprus, and stated that the USA would not come to the aid of Turkey if an invasion of Cyprus led to war with the Soviet Union. Many Turks saw the letter as tantamount to outright veto power over Turkish affairs by the USA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bolukbasi |first1=Suha|date= 1993 |title=The Johnson Letter Revisited|journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume= 29 |issue=3 |pages=505–525 |doi=10.1080/00263209308700963 |jstor=4283581}}</ref>