Editing Architecture of India (section)

==== Indo-Saracenic ====
{{Further|Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture}}
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| header = [[Lutyens' Delhi]]
| image1 = Rashtrapati Bhavan flank perspective1.jpg
| caption1 = The Viceroy's House (now [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) was built for the [[Viceroy of India]]. It now serves as the official residence of the [[President of India]].
| image2 = India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg
| caption2 = The War Memorial Arch (now [[India Gate]]) is a memorial to 70,000 soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] who died in the First World War.
| image3 = Indian Ministry of Defence-1.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] is located in the North Block.
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| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
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| footer = [[Lutyens' Delhi]], designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]], houses all key government buildings of India.
| image4 = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| caption4 = The Council House, built for the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], is now [[Sansad Bhawan]], and houses the [[Parliament of India]].
}}

Britain's legacy and heritage in the [[Indian subcontinent]] remains among others in buildings and infrastructure. The major cities during the period of British rule were [[Madras (Chennai)]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bombay (Mumbai)]], [[New Delhi]], Agra, [[Bangalore]], Bankipore, Karachi, Nagpur, Bhopal& [[Hyderabad]],{{sfn|Tadgell|1990|p=14}}<ref name="Asian Trade" /> which saw the rise of [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]].

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| header = [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
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| image4 = Victoria Memorial Kolkata at night.jpg
| caption4 = The [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in Calcutta is the most effective symbolism of British Empire.
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| image3 = Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus_%28Victoria_Terminus%29.jpg
| caption3 = The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88, is a mixture of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], Gothic and Indian elements.
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| image2 = Rashtrapati Niwas, Shimla.jpg
| caption2 = The Viceregal Lodge, now [[Rashtrapati Niwas]], in [[Shimla]] designed by [[Henry Irwin]] in the [[Jacobethan]] style and built in the late 19th century.
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| image1 = Chennai_High_Court.jpg
| caption1 = [[Madras High Court]] buildings are a prime example of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], designed by JW Brassington under guidance of British architect [[Henry Irwin]].
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Black Town described in 1855 as "the minor streets, occupied by the natives are numerous, irregular and of various dimensions. Many of them are extremely narrow and ill-ventilated&nbsp;... a hallow square, the rooms opening into a courtyard in the centre."{{sfn|Evenson|1989|p=2}} Garden houses were originally used as weekend houses for recreational use by the upper class British. Nonetheless, the garden house became ideal a full-time dwelling, deserting the fort in the 19th Century.{{sfn|Evenson|1989|p=6}}

[[Mumbai (Bombay)]] has some of the most prominent examples of British colonial architecture. This included the [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic revival]] ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station|Victoria terminus]], [[University of Bombay]], [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], [[Bombay High Court]], [[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai|BMC Building]]), [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya|Prince of Wales Museum]], [[Gateway of India]], [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]) and [[Art Deco]] ([[Eros Cinema]], [[New India Assurance Building]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480/|title=Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828023451/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1480/|archive-date=2018-08-28|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-02}}</ref>

Madras and Calcutta were similarly bordered by water and division of Indian in the north and British in the south. An Englishwoman noted in 1750 "the banks of the river are as one may say absolutely studded with elegant mansions called here as at Madras, garden houses." Esplanade-row is fronts the fort with lined palaces.{{sfn|Evenson|1989|p=20}}<ref name="Dutta">{{cite journal|last=Dutta|first=Arindam|title=Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism and the Colonial Uncanny|journal=Journal of Architectural Education|date=29 March 2010|volume=63|issue=2|pages=167–169|doi=10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01082.x|s2cid=143881493}}</ref> Indian villages in these areas consisted of clay and straw houses which later transformed into the metropolis of brick and stone.{{sfn|Nilsson|1968|pp=66–67}}The [[Chepauk Palace]] in the city, designed by [[Paul Benfield]], is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India. Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm and Henry Irwin. The best examples of this style include the Madras High Court (built in 1892), Southern Railway headquarters, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering. The Triumph of Labour, also known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Madras.[[File:Gaine Castle at Dhanyakuria.jpg|thumb|Gaine Castle at Dhanyakuria, West Bengal|220x220px]] [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] evolved by combining Indian architectural features with European styles. [[Vincent Esch]] and [[George Wittet]] were pioneers in this style. The [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] in Calcutta is the most effective symbolism of British Empire, built as a monument in tribute to Queen Victoria's reign. The plan of the building consists of one large central part covered with a larger dome. Colonnades separate the two chambers. Each corner holds a smaller dome and is floored with marble plinth. The memorial stands on 26 hectares of garden surrounded by reflective pools.{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=129}}

The period of British rule saw wealthy Bengali families (especially [[Zamindars of Bengal|zamindar estates]]) employing European firms to design houses and palaces. The Indo-Saracenic movement was strongly prevalent in the region. While most rural estates featured an elegant country house, the cities of Calcutta had widespread 19th and early 20th century urban architecture, comparable to London, Sydney or Auckland. Art deco influences began in Calcutta in the 1930s.