Editing Desegregation busing (section)

== Re-segregation ==
{{See also|Auto-segregation|White flight|School segregation in the United States}}
According to the Civil Rights Project at [[Harvard University]], the desegregation of U.S. public schools peaked in 1988; since then, schools have become more segregated because of changes in demographic residential patterns with continuing growth in suburbs and new communities. [[Jonathan Kozol]] has found that as of 2005, the proportion of black students at majority-white schools was at "a level lower than in any year since 1968".<ref>Kozol, J. [https://www.thenation.com/article/overcoming-apartheid/ "Overcoming Apartheid"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412064350/https://www.thenation.com/article/overcoming-apartheid/ |date=2017-04-12 }}, ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]'', December 19, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2017</ref> Changing population patterns, with dramatically increased growth in the South and Southwest, decreases in old industrial cities, and much increased immigration of new ethnic groups, have altered school populations in many areas.

School districts continue to try various programs to improve student and school performance, including magnet schools and special programs related to the economic standing of families.  Omaha proposed incorporating some suburban districts within city limits to enlarge its school-system catchment area. It wanted to create a "one tax, one school" system that would also allow it to create magnet programs to increase diversity in now predominantly white schools. [[Ernie Chambers|Ernest Chambers]], a 34-year-serving black state senator from [[North Omaha, Nebraska|North Omaha]], Nebraska, believed a different solution was needed. Some observers said that in practical terms, public schools in Omaha had been re-segregated since the end of busing in 1999.<ref>Johnson, T. A. (2009-02-03) "African American Administration of Predominately Black Schools: Segregation or Emancipation in Omaha, Nebraska", Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Study of Black Life and History in Charlotte, NC.</ref>

In 2006, Chambers offered an amendment to the Omaha school reform bill in the [[Nebraska State Legislature]] which would provide for creation of three school districts in Omaha according to current racial demographics: black, white, and Hispanic, with local community control of each district.  He believed this would give the black community the chance to control a district in which their children were the majority. Chambers' amendment was controversial. Opponents to the measure described it as "state-sponsored segregation".<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/15/us/15omaha.html?_r=1 Law to Segregate Omaha Schools Divides Nebraska]", ''[[The New York Times]]''. April 15, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2009.</ref>

The authors of a 2003 Harvard study on re-segregation believe current trends in the South of white teachers leaving predominantly black schools is an inevitable result of federal court decisions limiting former methods of civil rights-era protections, such as busing and affirmative action in school admissions. Teachers and principals cite other issues, such as economic and cultural barriers in schools with high rates of poverty, as well as teachers' choices to work closer to home or in higher-performing schools. In some areas black teachers are also leaving the profession, resulting in teacher shortages.<ref>Jonnson, P. (January 21, 2003) "[http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0121/p01s03-usgn.html White teachers flee black schools]", ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]''. Retrieved 4/12/09.</ref>

Education conservatives argue that any apparent separation of races is due to patterns of residential demographics not due to court decisions. They argue that the ''Brown'' decision has been achieved and that there is no segregation in the way that existed before the ruling. They further argue that employing race to impose desegregation policies discriminates and violates ''Brown''{{'}}s central warning of using racial preferences.<ref name="Jost 345–372" />