Editing Human brain (section)

===Mental disorders===
[[Mental disorder]]s, such as [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[schizophrenia]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]], [[Tourette syndrome]], and [[addiction]], are known to relate to the functioning of the brain.<ref name="NHMH_3e – Addiction and ADHD">{{cite book | vauthors = Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2015 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-182770-6 | edition = 3rd | chapter = Chapter 14: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control | quote =In conditions in which prepotent responses tend to dominate behavior, such as in drug addiction, where drug cues can elicit drug seeking (Chapter 16), or in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; described below), significant negative consequences can result.&nbsp;... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression).&nbsp;... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the dorsal striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior.&nbsp;... Early results with structural MRI show a thinner cerebral cortex, across much of the cerebrum, in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls, including areas of [the] prefrontal cortex involved in working memory and attention.}}</ref><ref name=NIMH2017>{{cite web |title=NIMH » Brain Basics |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/educational-resources/brain-basics/brain-basics.shtml |website=www.nimh.nih.gov |access-date=March 26, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230311/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/educational-resources/brain-basics/brain-basics.shtml |archive-date=March 26, 2017  }}</ref><ref name="Addiction - brain disease review">{{cite journal | last1=Volkow |first1=N.D. |last2=Koob |first2=G.F. |last3=McLellan |first3=A.T. | title=Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction | journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] | volume=374 | issue=4 | pages=363–371 | date=January 2016 | pmid=26816013 | pmc=6135257 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra1511480}}</ref> Treatment for mental disorders may include [[psychotherapy]], [[psychiatry]], [[social interventionism|social intervention]] and personal [[Recovery model|recovery]] work or [[cognitive behavioural therapy]]; the underlying issues and associated prognoses vary significantly between individuals.<ref name="Simpson">{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=J.M. |last2=Moriarty |first2=G.L. |title=Multimodal Treatment of Acute Psychiatric Illness: A Guide for Hospital Diversion |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2013 |pages=22–24 |isbn=978-0-231-53609-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbtkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22}}</ref>