Editing In vitro fertilisation (section)

===Other risks to the offspring===
If the underlying infertility is related to abnormalities in [[spermatogenesis]], male offspring will have a higher risk for sperm abnormalities. In some cases genetic testing may be recommended to help assess the risk of transmission of defects to progeny and to consider whether treatment is desirable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leslie |first1=Stephen W. |last2=Soon-Sutton |first2=Taylor L. |last3=Khan |first3=Moien AB |title=Male Infertility |date=February 25, 2024 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |location=Treasure Island (FL) |pmid=32965929 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562258/}}</ref>

IVF does not seem to confer any risks regarding cognitive development, school performance, social functioning, and behaviour.<ref name="Hart2-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart R, Norman RJ |year=2013 |title=The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment. Part II—Mental health and development outcomes |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=244–250 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt002 |pmid=23449643 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Also, IVF infants are known to be as securely attached to their parents as those who were naturally conceived, and IVF adolescents are as well-adjusted as those who have been naturally conceived.<ref>{{cite book |title=Infants, Children, and Adolescents |vauthors=Berk LE |date=December 2010 |publisher=Pearson Learning Solutions |isbn=978-0-205-77541-5 |edition=7th |page=67 |via=VitalBook}}</ref>

Limited long-term follow-up data suggest that IVF may be associated with an increased incidence of [[hypertension]], [[impaired fasting glucose]], increase in total [[body fat]] composition, advancement of [[bone age]], subclinical [[thyroid disorder]], early adulthood [[clinical depression]] and [[binge drinking]] in the offspring.<ref name="Hart2-2013" /><ref name="Hart1-2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart R, Norman RJ |year=2013 |title=The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment: Part I—General health outcomes |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=232–243 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dms062 |pmid=23449642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is not known, however, whether these potential associations are caused by the IVF procedure in itself, by adverse obstetric outcomes associated with IVF, by the genetic origin of the children or by yet unknown IVF-associated causes.<ref name="Hart2-2013" /><ref name="Hart1-2013" /> Increases in embryo manipulation during IVF result in more deviant fetal growth curves, but birth weight does not seem to be a reliable marker of fetal stress.<ref name="BloiseFeuer2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bloise E, Feuer SK, Rinaudo PF |year=2014 |title=Comparative intrauterine development and placental function of ART concepti: implications for human reproductive medicine and animal breeding |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=822–839 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu032 |pmc=4196686 |pmid=24947475}}</ref>

IVF, including [[Intracytoplasmic sperm injection|ICSI]], is associated with an increased risk of [[imprinting disorder]]s (including [[Prader–Willi syndrome]] and [[Angelman syndrome]]), with an [[odds ratio]] of 3.7 (95% [[confidence interval]] 1.4 to 9.7).<ref name="LazaraviciuteKauser2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lazaraviciute G, Kauser M, Bhattacharya S, Haggarty P, Bhattacharya S |year=2014 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of DNA methylation levels and imprinting disorders in children conceived by IVF/ICSI compared with children conceived spontaneously |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=840–852 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu033 |pmid=24961233 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

An IVF-associated incidence of [[cerebral palsy]] and [[neurodevelopmental delay]] are believed to be related to the [[confounder]]s of prematurity and low birthweight.<ref name="Hart2-2013" /> Similarly, an IVF-associated incidence of [[autism]] and [[attention-deficit disorder]] are believed to be related to confounders of maternal and obstetric factors.<ref name="Hart2-2013" />

Overall, IVF does not cause an increased risk of [[childhood cancer]].<ref name="Williams2013">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Williams CL, Bunch KJ, Stiller CA, Murphy MF, Botting BJ, Wallace WH, Davies M, Sutcliffe AG |date=November 2013 |title=Cancer risk among children born after assisted conception |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=369 |issue=19 |pages=1819–1827 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1301675 |pmid=24195549|doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies have shown a decrease in the risk of certain cancers and an increased risks of certain others including [[retinoblastoma]],<ref name="pmid19783550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marees T, Dommering CJ, Imhof SM, Kors WA, Ringens PJ, van Leeuwen FE, Moll AC |date=December 2009 |title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in Dutch children conceived by IVF: an expanded study |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=24 |issue=12 |pages=3220–3224 |doi=10.1093/humrep/dep335 |pmid=19783550 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[hepatoblastoma]]<ref name="Williams2013" /> and [[rhabdomyosarcoma]].<ref name="Williams2013" />