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== Scientific history == The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to [[William Herschel]], the [[astronomer]], in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the [[Royal Society of London]]. Herschel used a [[Triangular prism (optics)|prism]] to [[refract]] light from the [[sun]] and detected the infrared, beyond the [[red]] part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a [[thermometer]]. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschel |first=William |year=1800 |title=Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the Sun |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592520;view=1up;seq=358 |url-status=live |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=90 |pages=284–292 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1800.0015 |jstor=107057 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204133019/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592520;view=1up;seq=358 |archive-date=2021-02-04 |access-date=2018-04-11 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Herschel Discovers Infrared Light |url=http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225094516/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/classroom_activities/herschel_bio.html |archive-date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2011-11-08 |website=Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref> The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century.<ref>In 1867, French physicist [[Edmond Becquerel]] coined the term {{lang|fr|infra-rouge}} (infra-red): * {{Cite book |last=Becquerel |first=Edmond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyWP1zBJiv0C&pg=PA141 |title=La Lumiere: Ses causes et ses effets |date=1867 |publisher=Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. |location=Paris, France |pages=141–145 |language=fr |trans-title=Light: Its causes and effects |access-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080442/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyWP1zBJiv0C&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}} The word {{lang|fr|infra-rouge}} was translated into English as "infrared" in 1874, in a translation of an article by Vignaud Dupuy de Saint-Florent (1830–1907), an engineer in the French army, who attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and who pursued photography as a pastime. * {{cite journal |last1=de Saint-Florent |title=Photography in natural colours |journal=The Photographic News |date=10 April 1874 |volume=18 |pages=175–176 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433060399015;view=1up;seq=188 |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123314/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433060399015;view=1up;seq=188 |url-status=live }} From p. 176: "As to the infra-red rays, they may be absorbed by means of a weak solution of sulphate of copper, ..." See also: * {{cite journal |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Gary |title=Letter to the Editors: Infrared dating |journal=American Scientist |date=2012 |volume=100 |issue=5 |page=355 |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/infrared-dating |access-date=2018-04-15 |archive-date=2018-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415124833/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/infrared-dating |url-status=live }}</ref> The Latin prefix ''infra-'' means below, as it is light below red on the spectrum.<ref>{{OEtymD|infrared|accessdate=2025-04-07}}</ref> An [[Pictet's experiment|earlier experiment in 1790]] by [[Marc-Auguste Pictet]] demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chang |first=Hasok |title=Inventing temperature: measurement and scientific progress |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533738-9 |edition=1. issued as paperback |series=Oxford studies in philosophy of science |location=Oxford |pages=166–167}}</ref> Other important dates include:<ref name="Miller" /> [[File:William Herschel01.jpg|thumb|upright|Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.]] * 1830: [[Leopoldo Nobili]] made the first [[thermopile]] IR detector.<ref>See: * {{cite journal |last1=Nobili |first1=Leopoldo |title=Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope électrique |journal=Bibliothèque Universelle |date=1830 |volume=44 |pages=225–234 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000052859885;view=1up;seq=237 |trans-title=Description of a thermo-multiplier or electric thermoscope |language=fr |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141602/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000052859885;view=1up;seq=237 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Nobili |last2=Melloni |title=Recherches sur plusieurs phénomènes calorifiques entreprises au moyen du thermo-multiplicateur |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |date=1831 |volume=48 |pages=198–218 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002487856;view=1up;seq=202 |series=2nd series |trans-title=Investigations of several heat phenomena undertaken via a thermo-multiplier |language=fr |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123013/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002487856;view=1up;seq=202 |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last=Vollmer |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA67 |title=Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications |last2=Möllmann |first2=Klaus-Peter |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |isbn=978-3-527-69329-0 |edition=2nd |location=Berlin, Germany |pages=1–67 |access-date=2018-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 1840: [[John Herschel]] produces the first thermal image, called a [[thermogram]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herschel |first=John F. W. |date=1840 |title=On chemical action of rays of solar spectrum on preparation of silver and other substances both metallic and nonmetallic and on some photographic processes |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592933;view=1up;seq=47 |url-status=live |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=130 |pages=1–59 |bibcode=1840RSPT..130....1H |doi=10.1098/rstl.1840.0002 |s2cid=98119765 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123249/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000054592933;view=1up;seq=47 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |access-date=2018-04-09}} The term "thermograph" is coined on p. 51: " ... I have discovered a process by which the calorific rays in the solar spectrum are made to leave their impress on a surface properly prepared for the purpose, so as to form what may be called a thermograph of the spectrum, ... ".</ref> * 1860: [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] formulated the [[Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation|blackbody theorem]] <math>E = J(T, n)</math>.<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Kirchhoff |date=1859 |title=Ueber den Zusammenhang von Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme |trans-title=On the relation between emission and absorption of light and heat |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049219333;view=1up;seq=811 |url-status=live |journal=Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Philosophy in Berlin) |language=de |pages=783–787 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925004705/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049219333;view=1up;seq=811 |archive-date=2020-09-25 |access-date=2018-04-10}} * {{cite journal |last1=Kirchhoff |first1=G. |title=Ueber das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |date=1860 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=275–301 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1423668 |trans-title=On the relation between bodies' emission capacity and absorption capacity for heat and light |language=de |bibcode=1860AnP...185..275K |doi=10.1002/andp.18601850205 |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-04-10 }} * English translation: {{cite journal |last1=Kirchhoff |first1=G. |title=On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat |journal=Philosophical Magazine |date=1860 |volume=20 |pages=1–21 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068485634;view=1up;seq=19 |series=4th series |access-date=2018-04-11 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123215/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000068485634;view=1up;seq=19 |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1873: [[Willoughby Smith]] discovered the photoconductivity of [[selenium]].<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Willoughby |date=1873 |title=The action of light on selenium |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429782 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=31–33 |doi=10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003190750/https://zenodo.org/records/1429782 |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=2018-04-09}} * {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Willoughby |title=Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current |journal=Nature |date=20 February 1873 |volume=7 |issue=173 |page=303 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67 |doi=10.1038/007303e0 |bibcode=1873Natur...7R.303. |doi-access=free |access-date=9 April 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103112531/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112007449892;view=1up;seq=67 |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1878: [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]] invents the first [[bolometer]], a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Langley |first=S. P. |date=1880 |title=The bolometer |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=282 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the American Metrological Society |volume=2 |pages=184–190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123346/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433090766035;view=1up;seq=282 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |access-date=2018-04-09}} * {{cite journal |last1=Langley |first1=S. P. |title=The bolometer and radiant energy |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=1881 |volume=16 |pages=342–358 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106428089;view=1up;seq=360 |doi=10.2307/25138616 |jstor=25138616 |access-date=2018-04-09 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205125622/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044106428089;view=1up;seq=360 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * 1879: [[Stefan–Boltzmann law]] formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to ''T''<sup>4</sup>.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stefan |first=J. |date=1879 |title=Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur |trans-title=On the relation between heat radiation and temperature |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044093294874;view=1up;seq=419 |url-status=live |journal=Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften [Wien]: Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Philosophy [in Vienna]: Mathematical-scientific Class) |language=de |volume=79 |pages=391–428 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030509/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044093294874;view=1up;seq=419 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref> * 1880s and 1890s: [[Lord Rayleigh]] and [[Wilhelm Wien]] solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "[[ultraviolet catastrophe]] and infrared catastrophe".<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Wien |first=Willy |date=1896 |title=Ueber die Energieverteilung im Emissionsspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers |trans-title=On the energy distribution in the emission spectrum of a black body |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352850;view=1up;seq=676 |url-status=live |journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie |series=3rd series |language=de |volume=58 |pages=662–669 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224221923/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89048352850;view=1up;seq=676 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2018-04-10}} * English translation: {{cite journal |last1=Wien |first1=Willy |title=On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body |journal=Philosophical Magazine |date=1897 |volume=43 |issue=262 |pages=214–220 |doi=10.1080/14786449708620983 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=226 |series=5th series |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205132307/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=226 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * 1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julius |first=Willem Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AVAAAAIAAJ&q=Bolometrisch+Ondersoek+van+Absorptiespectra&pg=PA44 |title=Bolometrisch onderzoek van absorptiespectra |date=1892 |publisher=J. Müller |language=nl |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=K1AVAAAAIAAJ&q=Bolometrisch+Ondersoek+van+Absorptiespectra&pg=PA44#v=snippet&q=Bolometrisch%20Ondersoek%20van%20Absorptiespectra&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 1901: [[Max Planck]] published the [[Planck's law|blackbody equation]] and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Planck |first=M. |date=1900 |title=Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung |trans-title=On an improvement of Wien's spectral equation |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=516 |url-status=live |journal=Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft |language=de |volume=2 |pages=202–204 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080455/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/html?id=coo.31924056107224&seq=519 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |access-date=2018-04-10}} * {{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=M. |title=Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum |journal=Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft |date=1900 |volume=2 |pages=237–245 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=551 |trans-title=On the theory of the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum |language=de |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013229/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924056107224;view=1up;seq=551 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Planck |first1=Max |title=Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum |journal=Annalen der Physik |date=1901 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=553–563 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924066378310;view=1up;seq=585 |series=4th series |trans-title=On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum |language=de |bibcode=1901AnP...309..553P |doi=10.1002/andp.19013090310 |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-04-10 |archive-date=2021-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206034106/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924066378310;view=1up;seq=585 |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1905: [[Albert Einstein]] developed the theory of the [[photoelectric effect]].<ref>See: * {{Cite journal |last=Einstein |first=A. |date=1905 |title=Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt |trans-title=On heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalenderphysi108unkngoog#page/n150/mode/2up |journal=Annalen der Physik |series=4th series |language=de |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=132–148 |bibcode=1905AnP...322..132E |doi=10.1002/andp.19053220607 |doi-access=free}} * English translation: {{cite journal |last1=Arons |first1=A. B. |last2=Peppard |first2=M. B. |title=Einstein's proposal of the photon concept—a translation of the Annalen der Physik paper of 1905 |journal=American Journal of Physics |date=1965 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=367–374 |bibcode=1965AmJPh..33..367A |doi=10.1119/1.1971542 |s2cid=27091754 }} Available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20141121114532/http://www.esfm2005.ipn.mx/ESFM_Images/paper1.pdf Wayback Machine].</ref> * 1905–1908: [[William Coblentz]] published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in ''Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Coblentz |first=William Weber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVUoHbyKbDsC&q=coblentz,+william+weber&pg=PP7 |title=Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part I, II |date=1905 |publisher=Carnegie institution of Washington |access-date=2020-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922080441/https://books.google.com/books?id=qVUoHbyKbDsC&q=coblentz,+william+weber&pg=PP7#v=snippet&q=coblentz%2C%20william%20weber&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coblentz |first=William Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationsi01coblgoog |title=Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part III, IV |date=1905 |publisher=Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington |others=University of Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coblentz |first=William Weber |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationsof03coblrich |title=Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part V, VI, VII |date=August 1905 |publisher=Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> * 1917: [[Theodore Case]] developed the [[thallous sulfide]] detector, which helped produce the first [[infrared search and track]] device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km). * 1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in [[World War II]]. * 1938: [[Yeou Ta]] predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTXABAAAQBAJ&q=yeou+ta+1938&pg=PA406 |title=Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-642-54634-1 |page=406 |access-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922081008/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTXABAAAQBAJ&q=yeou+ta+1938&pg=PA406#v=snippet&q=yeou%20ta%201938&f=false |archive-date=2024-09-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> * 1945: The [[Zielgerät 1229]] "Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications. * 1952: [[Heinrich Welker]] grew synthetic [[InSb]] crystals. * 1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by [[Fred Nicodemenus]], [[G. J. Zissis]] and [[R. Clark]]; [[Robert Clark Jones]] defined ''D''*. * 1958: [[W. D. Lawson]] ([[Royal Radar Establishment]] in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of [[Mercury cadmium telluride]] (HgCdTe).<ref name="Reine">{{Cite journal |last=Marion B. Reine |year=2015 |title=Interview with Paul W. Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980) |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Electronic Materials |volume=44 |issue=9 |doi=10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1 |s2cid=95341284 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140413/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-30 |access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref> * 1958: [[AIM-4 Falcon|Falcon]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder|Sidewinder]] missiles were developed using infrared technology. * 1960s: [[Paul Kruse (engineer)|Paul Kruse]] and his colleagues at [[Honeywell]] Research Center demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective [[chemical compound|compound]] for infrared detection.<ref name=Reine /> * 1962: [[J. Cooper]] demonstrated pyroelectric detection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=J Cooper |year=1962 |title=A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector |journal=Journal of Scientific Instruments |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=467–472 |bibcode=1962JScI...39..467C |doi=10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308}}</ref> * 1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.<ref name=Evans /> * 1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers ([[Barnes, Agema]] (now part of [[FLIR Systems]] Inc.)); [[Richard Hudson (physicist)|Richard Hudson]]'s landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by [[Hughes Aircraft Company|Hughes]]; phenomenology pioneered by [[Fred Simmons (scientist)|Fred Simmons]] and [[A. T. Stair]]; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now [[Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate]] (NVESD)), and [[Rachets]] develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there. * 1970: [[Willard Boyle]] and [[George E. Smith]] proposed CCD at [[Bell Labs]] for [[picture phone]]. * 1973: Common module program started by NVESD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Army Night Vision |url=https://c5isr.ccdc.army.mil/inside_c5isr_center/nvesd/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316225350/https://c5isr.ccdc.army.mil/inside_c5isr_center/nvesd/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 16, 2020 |access-date=2020-01-07 |publisher=C5ISR Center}}</ref> * 1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned, [[NASA Infrared Telescope Facility|IRTF]] on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials. * 2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a [[neural implant]] that gives [[rat]]s the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides [[living creatures]] with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=14 February 2013 |title=Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055046/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-02/14/implant-gives-rats-sixth-sense-for-infrared-light |archive-date=17 February 2013 |access-date=14 February 2013 |magazine=Wired UK}}</ref>
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