Editing Mirror test (section)

==== Fish ====
Two captive [[giant manta rays]] showed frequent, unusual and repetitive movements in front of a mirror, suggesting contingency checking. They also showed unusual self-directed behaviors when exposed to the mirror.<ref name="Ari">{{cite journal |last1=Ari |first1=C. |last2=D'Agostino|first2=D.P. |year=2016 |title=Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?|journal=Journal of Ethology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=167–174|doi=10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z|s2cid=18628472}}</ref> Manta rays have the largest brains of all fish. In 2016, Csilla Ari tested captive manta rays at the Atlantis Aquarium in the Bahamas by exposing them to a mirror. The manta rays appeared to be extremely interested in the mirror. They behaved strangely in front the mirror, including doing flips and moving their fins. They also blew bubbles. They did not interact with the reflection as if it were another manta ray; they did not try to socialize with it. However, only an actual mirror test can determine if they actually recognize their own reflections, or if they are just demonstrating exploratory behavior. A classic mirror test has yet to be done on manta rays.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Amanda Pachniewska|date=April 15, 2015|title=List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test|url=http://www.animalcognition.org/2015/04/15/list-of-animals-that-have-passed-the-mirror-test/|website=Animal Cognition}}</ref>

Another fish that may pass the mirror test is the common archerfish, ''[[Toxotes chatareus]]''. A study in 2016 showed that archerfish can discriminate between human faces. Researchers showed this by testing the archerfish, which spit a stream of water at an image of a face when they recognized it. The archerfish would be trained to expect food when it spat at a certain image. When the archerfish was shown images of other human faces, the fish did not spit. They only spit for the image that they recognized.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/srep27523|pmid = 27272551|title = Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (''Toxotes chatareus'')|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 6|pages = 27523|year = 2016|last1 = Newport|first1 = Cait|last2 = Wallis|first2 = Guy|last3 = Reshitnyk|first3 = Yarema|last4 = Siebeck|first4 = Ulrike E.|bibcode = 2016NatSR...627523N|pmc = 4895153}}</ref> Archerfish normally, in the wild, use their spitting streams to knock down prey from above into the water below. The study showed that archerfish could be trained to recognize a three-dimensional image of one face compared to an image of a different face and would spit at the face when they recognized it. The archerfish were even able to continue recognizing the image of the face even when it was rotated 30, 60 and 90°.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/10/archerfish-animal-cognition-intelligence-human-faces-news/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101184156/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2018/10/archerfish-animal-cognition-intelligence-human-faces-news/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2018|title=Water-spitting fish can identify and remember human faces|first=Jason|last=Bittel|date=18 October 2018|magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>