Editing Origin of language (section)

=== Early ''Homo'' ===
Anatomically, some scholars believe that features of [[bipedalism]] developed in the [[australopithecine]]s around 3.5 million years ago. Around this time, these structural developments within the skull led to a more prominently L-shaped vocal tract.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aronoff |first1=Mark |title=The handbook of linguistics |last2=Rees-Miller |first2=Janie. |publisher=Blackwell |year=2001 |isbn=0-631-20497-0 |location=Malden, MA <!-- There is a 2017 edition of this book, how about using that one for the missing page -->}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}} In order to generate the sounds modern ''Homo sapiens'' are capable of making, such as vowels, it is vital that Early Homo populations must have a specifically shaped voice track and a lower sitting larynx.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fitch |first=W. Tecumseh |year=2000 |title=The evolution of speech: a comparative review |journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01494-7 |pmid=10859570 |s2cid=14706592}}</ref> Opposing research previously suggested that [[Neanderthal|Neanderthals]] were physically incapable of creating the full range of vocals seen in modern humans due to the differences in larynx placement. Establishing distinct larynx positions through fossil remains of ''Homo sapiens'' and Neanderthals would support this theory; however, modern research has revealed that the hyoid bone was indistinguishable in the two populations. Though research has shown a lower sitting larynx is important to producing speech, another theory states it may not be as important as once thought.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ohala |first=John J. |date=10 September 1987 |title=Experimental Phonology |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=13 |page=207 |doi=10.3765/bls.v13i0.1803 |issn=2377-1666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cataldo, Migliano, and Vinicius report speech alone appears inadequate for transmitting stone tool-making knowledge, and suggest that speech may have emerged due to an increase in complex social interactions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cataldo |first1=D. M. |last2=Migliano |first2=A. B. |last3=Vinicius |first3=L. |date=19 January 2018 |title=Speech, stone tool-making and the evolution of language |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=e0191071 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1391071C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191071 |pmc=5774752 |pmid=29351319 |doi-access=free}}</ref>