Editing Painted turtle (section)

===Capture===

{{Main|Capture of painted turtles}}

Commercial harvesting of painted turtles in the wild is controversial and, increasingly, restricted.<ref name="Keen">{{cite news|last=Keen|first=Judith|title=States rethink turtle trapping|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/environment/2009-07-19-turtle-hunt_N.htm|access-date=2010-12-21|newspaper=USA Today|date=2009-07-20}}</ref><ref name="Thorbjarnarson">{{cite book|title=Turtle conservation|date=2000 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|author=Thorbjarnarson, J.|chapter=Human use of turtles |display-authors=4 |author2=Lageux, C. L. |author3=Bolze, D. |author4=Klemens, M. W. |author5= Meylan, A. B. |editor=Klemens, M. W |location=Washington and London|pages=33–84}} cited in {{harvnb|Gamble|Simons|2004}}</ref> Wisconsin formerly had virtually unrestricted trapping of painted turtles but based on qualitative observations forbade all commercial harvesting in 1997.<ref name="Arnie">{{cite journal |last=Arnie |first=Jennifer |title=The turtle trap|journal=Imprint Magazine|url=http://www.bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html|access-date=2010-12-21|publisher=The University of Minnesota Bell Museum of Natural History|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119125046/http://bellmuseum.org/imprint/turtle02.html <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2010-11-19}}</ref> Neighboring Minnesota, where trappers collected more than 300,000&nbsp;painted turtles during the 1990s,{{sfn|Gervais et al.|2009|p=34}} commissioned a study of painted turtle harvesting.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Scientists found that harvested lakes averaged half the painted turtle density of off-limit lakes, and population modeling suggested that unrestricted harvests could produce a large decline in turtle populations.<ref name="Gamble2004">{{cite journal |last1=Gamble |first1=Tony |last2=Simons |first2=Andrew M. |title=Comparison of harvested and nonharvested painted turtle populations |journal=Wildlife Society Bulletin |date=December 2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=1269–1277 |doi=10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1269:COHANP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=44057147 |url=https://epublications.marquette.edu/bio_fac/752 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In response, Minnesota forbade new harvesters in 2002 and limited trap numbers. Although harvesting continued,<ref name="Gamble2004" /> subsequent takes averaged half those of the 1990s.<ref name="MN DNR 2005">{{cite web |title=Minnesota commercial turtle harvest: 2012-2013 |url=http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/2013_commercialturtleharvest.pdf |format=report |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |access-date=2017-09-21 }}</ref> In 2023, Minnesota banned the practice of commercial turtle trapping.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Bans Commercial Trapping of Wild Turtles |url=https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/minnesota-bans-commercial-trapping-of-wild-turtles-2023-05-24/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Center for Biological Diversity |language=en}}</ref> As of 2009, painted turtles faced virtually unlimited harvesting in Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and Oklahoma;<ref name="CBD">{{cite web |title=Southern and midwestern turtle species affected by commercial harvest |url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/southern_and_midwestern_freshwater_turtles/pdfs/Southern-and-midwestern-turtle-species-affected-by-harvest.pdf |publisher=Center for Biological Diversity |access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> since then, Missouri has prohibited their harvesting.<ref name="MO FG" />

[[File:Turtles on trap1.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A square turtle trap is floating near some reeds. There is a plank across the middle, but open access to a space in the middle otherwise, that three turtles are basking on, one crawling on the other. The outer sides of the trap slope and one turtle is starting to climb out of the water, up onto the trap. It is sunny.|Basking trap in Minnesota]]

Individuals who trap painted turtles typically do so to earn additional income,<ref name="Gamble2004" /><ref name="Keen" /> selling a few thousand a year at $1–2 each.<ref name="Gamble2003" /> Many trappers have been involved in the trade for generations, and value it as a family activity.<ref name="Arnie" /> Some harvesters disagree with limiting the catch, saying the populations are not dropping.<ref name="Arnie" />

Many U.S. state [[List of state and territorial fish and wildlife management agencies in the United States|fish and game department]]s allow non-commercial taking of painted turtles under a [[Creel (basket)|creel]] limit, and require a fishing (sometimes hunting) license;{{#tag:ref|State fish and game creel limits.<ref name="AL FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame species protected by Alabama regulations|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|publisher=Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries|access-date=2017-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193821/http://www.outdooralabama.com/nongame-vertebrates-protected-alabama-regulations|archive-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="AZ FG">{{cite web|title=Arizona reptile and amphibian regulations |url=http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |publisher=Arizona Game and Fish Department |access-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208100709/http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/herp_regs.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2006 }}</ref><ref name="VA FG">{{cite web|title=Nongame fish, reptile, amphibian and aquatic invertebrate regulations |url=http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |publisher=Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries |access-date=2010-12-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111164423/http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/fishing/regulations/nongame.asp |archive-date=2010-11-11 }}</ref><ref name="AL FG comm">{{cite web|title=Resident license information and applications packets|url=http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|publisher=Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources|access-date=2010-09-21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818192510/http://www.outdooralabama.com/wff-other-commercial-licenses-permits|archive-date=2014-08-18}}</ref><ref name="MI FG">{{cite web|title=Regulations on the take of reptiles and amphibians|url=http://www.michigan.gov/documents/RegsOnTheTakeOfReptilesAndAmphibians_164917_7.pdf|publisher=Michigan Department of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref><ref name="PA FG">{{cite web|title=Summary of Pennsylvania fishing laws and regulations&nbsp;– reptiles and amphibians&nbsp;– seasons and limits|url=http://pfbc.pa.gov/fishpub/summaryad/repamp.html|publisher=Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission|access-date=2017-09-21}}</ref><ref name="NH FG">{{cite web|title=Rules and regulations for reptiles and amphibians in New Hampshire|url=http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/nongame/rules-amp-rept.html|publisher=New Hampshire Fish and Game Department|access-date=2017-09-21|archive-date=2017-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192901/http://www.wildlife.state.nh.us/nongame/rules-amp-rept.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group="nb"}} others completely forbid the recreational capture of painted turtles. Trapping is not allowed in Oregon, where western painted turtle populations are in decline,<ref name="OR FG">{{cite web|title=Guidance for Conserving Oregon's Native Turtles including Best Management Practices|url=https://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/living_with/docs/ODFW_Turtle_BMPs_March_2015.pdf|publisher=Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> and in Missouri, where there are populations of both southern and western subspecies.<ref name="MO FG">{{cite web|title=MDC discover nature turtles|url=https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts|publisher=Missouri Department of Conservation|access-date=2017-09-21|quote=Missouri has 17&nbsp;kinds of turtles; all but three are protected&nbsp;... common snapping turtles and two softshells&nbsp;...|archive-date=2017-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922001927/https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/general-species-information/amphibian-and-reptile-facts/turtle-facts|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Canada, Ontario protects both subspecies present, the midland and western,<ref name="Ontario Hunting">{{cite web|title=Hunting regulations 2010–2011|url=http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@fw/documents/document/239841.pdf|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources|access-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> and British Columbia protects its dwindling western painted turtles.<ref name="BC" />

Capture methods are also regulated by locality. Typically trappers use either floating "basking traps" or partially submerged, baited "hoop traps".<ref name="Gamble2006">{{cite journal|last=Gamble|first=Tony|title=The relative efficiency of basking and hoop traps for painted turtles (''Chrysemys picta'')|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2006|volume=37|issue=3|pages=308–312|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021046/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~gambl007/publications/Gamble_2006.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-22}}</ref> Trapper opinions,<ref name="Gamble2006" /> commercial records,<ref name="MN DNR 2005" /> and scientific studies<ref name="Gamble2006" /><ref name="Browne2005">{{cite journal|last=Browne|first=C. L.|author2=Hecnar, S. J.|title=Capture success of northern map turtles (''Graptemys geographica'') and other turtle species in basking vs. baited traps|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2005|volume=36|pages=145–147}} cited in {{harvnb|Gamble|2006}}</ref><ref name="McKenna2001">{{cite journal|last=McKenna|first=K. C.|title=''Chrysemys picta'' (painted turtle). Trapping|journal=Herpetological Review|date=2001|volume=32|page=184}} cited in {{harvnb|Gamble|2006}}</ref> show that basking traps are more effective for collecting painted turtles, while the hoop traps work better for collecting "meat turtles" (snapping turtles and [[Trionychidae|soft-shell turtles]]). Nets, hand capture, and fishing with [[Dropline|set lines]] are generally legal, but shooting, chemicals, and explosives are forbidden.{{#tag:ref|State fish and game taking restrictions.<ref name="AL FG"/><ref name="AZ FG"/><ref name="VA FG"/><ref name="MI FG"/><ref name="PA FG"/><ref name="NH FG"/>|group="nb"}}
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