Editing Prosthesis (section)

====Robotic arms====
Advancements in the processors used in myoelectric arms have allowed developers to make gains in fine-tuned control of the prosthetic. The [[Boston Digital Arm]] is a recent artificial limb that has taken advantage of these more advanced processors. The arm allows movement in five axes and allows the arm to be programmed for a more customized feel. Recently the [[I-LIMB Hand]], invented in Edinburgh, Scotland, by [[David Gow]] has become the first commercially available hand prosthesis with five individually powered digits. The hand also possesses a manually rotatable thumb which is operated passively by the user and allows the hand to grip in precision, power, and key grip modes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Binedell|first1=Trevor|last2=Meng|first2=Eugene|last3=Subburaj|first3=Karupppasamy|date=2020-08-25|title=Design and development of a novel 3D-printed non-metallic self-locking prosthetic arm for a forequarter amputation|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32842869/|journal=Prosthetics and Orthotics International|volume=45|pages=94–99|doi=10.1177/0309364620948290|issn=1746-1553|pmid=32842869|s2cid=221326246}}</ref>

Another neural prosthetic is [[Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory]] Proto 1. Besides the Proto 1, the university also finished the [[Proto 2]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ric.org/aboutus/mediacenter/press/2007/o501.aspx |title=Proto 1 and Proto 2 |publisher=Ric.org |date=2007-05-01 |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215917/http://www.ric.org/aboutus/mediacenter/press/2007/o501.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Early in 2013, Max Ortiz Catalan and Rickard Brånemark of the Chalmers University of Technology, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Sweden, succeeded in making the first robotic arm which is mind-controlled and can be permanently attached to the body (using [[osseointegration]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130222075730.htm |title=World premiere of muscle and nerve controlled arm prosthesis |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=February 2013 |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/thought-controlled-prosthetic-arm/25216/ |title=Mind-controlled permanently-attached prosthetic arm could revolutionize prosthetics |publisher=Gizmag.com |date=2012-11-30 |access-date=2016-12-28 |author=Williams, Adam }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ford |first=Jason |url=http://www.theengineer.co.uk/sectors/medical-and-healthcare/news/trials-imminent-for-implantable-thought-controlled-robotic-arm/1014779.article |title=Trials imminent for implantable thought-controlled robotic arm |publisher=Theengineer.co.uk |date=2012-11-28 |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>

An approach that is very useful is called arm rotation which is common for unilateral amputees which is an amputation that affects only one side of the body; and also essential for bilateral amputees, a person who is missing or has had amputated either both arms or legs, to carry out activities of daily living. This involves inserting a small permanent magnet into the distal end of the residual bone of subjects with upper limb amputations. When a subject rotates the residual arm, the magnet will rotate with the residual bone, causing a change in magnetic field distribution.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Li, Guanglin |author2=Kuiken, Todd A | year = 2008 | title = Modeling of Prosthetic Limb Rotation Control by Sensing Rotation of Residual Arm Bone | journal = IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering | volume = 55 | issue = 9| pages = 2134–2142 | doi=10.1109/tbme.2008.923914| pmc=3038244 | pmid=18713682}}</ref> EEG (electroencephalogram) signals, detected using small flat metal discs attached to the scalp, essentially decoding human brain activity used for physical movement, is used to control the robotic limbs. This allows the user to control the part directly.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Contreras-Vidal José L. | year = 2012 | title = Restoration of Whole Body Movement: Toward a Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface System | journal = IEEE Pulse | volume = 3 | issue = 1| pages = 34–37 | doi=10.1109/mpul.2011.2175635| pmid = 22344949 |display-authors=etal| pmc = 3357625}}</ref>