Editing Spanish language (section)

== Vocabulary ==
Around 85% of everyday Spanish vocabulary is of [[Latin language|Latin origin]]. Most of the core vocabulary and the most common words in Spanish comes from Latin. The Spanish words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly words of Latin origin. These words of Latin origin can be classified as heritage words, cultisms (learned borrowings) and semi-cultisms.

Most of the Spanish lexicon is made up of heritage lexicon. Heritage or directly inherited words are those whose presence in the spoken language has been continued since before the differentiation of the [[Romance languages]]. Heritage words are characterized by having undergone all the phonetic changes experienced by the language. This differentiates it from the cultisms and semi-cultisms that were no longer used in the spoken language and were later reintroduced for restricted uses. Because of this, cultisms generally have not experienced some of the phonetic changes and present a different form than they would have if they had been transmitted with heritage words.

In the philological tradition of Spanish, a cultism is a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without undergoing the changes that the evolution of the Spanish language followed from its origin in [[Vulgar Latin]]. The same concept also exists in other Romance languages. Reintroduced into the language for cultural, literary or scientific considerations, cultism only adapts its form to the orthographic and phonological conventions derived from linguistic evolution, and ignores the transformations that the roots and morphemes underwent in the development of the Romance language.

In some cases, cultisms are used to introduce technical or specialized terminology that, present in the classical language, did not appear in the Romance language due to lack of use; This is the case of many of the literary, legal and philosophical terms of classical culture, such as ''ataraxia'' (from the Greek ἀταραξία, "dispassion") or ''legislar'' (built from the Latin ''legislator''). In other cases, they construct neologisms, such as the name of most scientific disciplines.

A semi-cultism is a word that did not evolve in the expected way, in the vernacular language (Romance language), unlike heritage words; its evolution is incomplete. Many times interrupted by cultural influences (ecclesiastical, legal, administrative, etc.). For the same reason, they maintain some features of the language of origin. ''Dios'' is a clear example of semi-cultism, where it came from the Latin ''Deus''. It is a semi-cultism, because it maintains (without fully adapting to Castilianization, in this case) some characteristics of the Latin language—the ending in -s—, but, at the same time, it undergoes slight phonetic modifications (change of eu for io). ''Deus'' > ''Dios'' (instead of remaining cultist: ''Deus'' > ''*Deus'', or becoming a heritage word: ''Deus'' > ''*Dío''). The [[Catholic Church]] influenced by stopping the natural evolution of this word, and, in this way, converted this word into a semi-cultism and unconsciously prevented it from becoming a heritage word.

Spanish vocabulary has been influenced by several languages. As in other European languages, [[Classical Greek]] words (Hellenisms) are abundant in the terminologies of several fields, including [[art]], [[science]], [[politics]], [[nature]], etc.<ref>Bergua Cavero, J., ''Los helenismos del español : historia y sistema'', Madrid (Gredos) 2004, {{ISBN|9788424927103}}</ref> Its vocabulary has also been [[Arabic language influence on the Spanish language|influenced by Arabic]], having developed during the [[Al-Andalus]] era in the [[Iberian Peninsula]], with around 8% of its vocabulary having [[Arabic language|Arabic]] lexical roots.<ref>{{cite book|last=Versteegh |first=Kees |title=The Arabic language|year=2003 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh|isbn=0-7486-1436-2|page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228|edition=Repr.|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183745/http://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lapesa |first=Raphael|title=Historia de la lengua española|year=1960|publisher=|location=<!--Madrid-->|page=97}}<br/>—OR—<br/>{{cite book |last=Castro |first=Américo |title=The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History |year=1985 |translator1=Willard F. King |translator2=Selma Margaretten |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05469-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255 |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124185157/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255 |url-status=live}}{{verify source|date=November 2023|reason=Which one? The original cite was mixed}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Quintana|first1=Lucía |last2=Mora |first2=Juan Pablo |title=Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española |journal=ASELE. Actas XIII|year=2002 |page=705 |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf |access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528020256/http://cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2016|url-status=live}}: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total"</ref><ref name="Dworkin83">{{cite book |last=Dworkin|first=Steven N.|title=A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective|year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954114-0|page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915153824/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83 |archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}},{{cite book|last=Macpherson|first=I. R.|title=Spanish phonology |year=1980|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=0-7190-0788-7|page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223094503/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 |archive-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live}},{{cite book |last=Martínez Egido|first=José Joaquín |title=Constitución del léxico español|year=2007 |page=15|publisher=Liceus, Servicios de Gestió |isbn=978-84-9822-653-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15|access-date=23 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626183748/http://books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15|archive-date=26 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been influenced by [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Iberian language|Iberian]], [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]], [[Gothic language|Visigothic]], and other neighboring Ibero-Romance languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=La época visigoda / Susana Rodríguez Rosique |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html|language=es|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208133217/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dworkin83" /> Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly other Romance languages such as [[French language|French]], [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Galician language|Galician]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]], and [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]], as well as from [[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]], and [[List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin|other indigenous languages of the Americas]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|1991|pp=224–236}}</ref> In the 18th century, words taken from French referring above all to fashion, cooking and bureaucracy were added to the Spanish lexicon. In the 19th century, new loanwords were incorporated, especially from English and German, but also from Italian in areas related to music, particularly opera and cooking. In the 20th century, the pressure of English in the fields of technology, computing, science and sports was greatly accentuated.

In general, [[Hispanic America]] is more susceptible to loanwords from English or Anglicisms. For example: [[Computer mouse|mouse]] (computer mouse) is used in Hispanic America, in [[Spain]] ''ratón'' is used. This happens largely due to closer contact with the [[United States]]. For its part, Spain is known by the use of Gallicisms or words taken from neighboring [[France]] (such as the Gallicism ''ordenador'' in European Spanish, in contrast to the Anglicism ''computador'' or ''computadora'' in American Spanish).