Editing Anti-Americanism (section)

==== East Asia ====

=====China=====
{{Main|Anti-American sentiment in China}}
{{See also|May 24 incident}}
China has a history of anti-Americanism beginning with the general disdain for foreigners in the early 19th century that culminated in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900, which the U.S. helped in militarily suppressing.

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and World War II, the U.S. provided economic and military assistance to the [[Chiang Kai-shek]] government against the Japanese invasion. In particular, the "[[China Hands]]" (American diplomats known for their knowledge of China) also attempted to establish diplomatic contacts with [[Mao Zedong]]'s communist regime [[Dixie Mission|in their stronghold in Yan'an]], with a goal of fostering unity between the Nationalists and Communists.<ref>John Service, ''The Amerasia Papers: Some Problems in the History of US – China Relations'' (Berkeley, CA: Center for Chinese Studies, U of California Press, 1971), 191 – 192.</ref> However, relations soured after communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] and the relocation of the Chiang government to [[Taiwan]], together with the start of the [[Cold War]] and rise of [[McCarthyism]] in U.S. politics. The newly communist China and the U.S. fought a major undeclared [[Korean War|war in Korea, 1950–53]] and, as a result, President [[Harry S. Truman]] began advocating a policy of containment and sent the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] to deter a possible communist invasion of Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry S Truman, "Statement on Formosa," January 5, 1950|url=http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232642/http://china.usc.edu/harry-s-truman-%E2%80%9Cstatement-formosa%E2%80%9D-january-5-1950|url-status=live}}</ref> The U.S. signed the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] with Taiwan which lasted until 1979 and, during this period, the communist government in Beijing was not diplomatically recognized by the U.S. By 1950, virtually all American diplomatic staff had left mainland China, and one of Mao's political goals was to identify and destroy factions inside China that might be favorable to capitalism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Qiu Xu | first1 = Guang | year = 2000 | title = U.S. Air Aid and the CCP's Anti-American Campaign, 1945–1949 | journal = Air Power History | volume = 47 | issue = 1| pages = 24–39}}</ref><ref>Michael M. Sheng, "Chinese Communist Policy Toward the United States and the Myth of the 'Lost Chance,' 1948–1950," ''Modern Asian Studies'' 28 (1994); [[Chen Jian (academic)|Chen Jian]], ''China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation'' (Columbia University Press, 1994)</ref>

Mao initially ridiculed the U.S. as "[[paper tiger]]" occupiers of Taiwan, "the enemy of the people of the world and has increasingly isolated itself" and "monopoly capitalist groups",<ref>{{cite web |author=Mao Tse Tung |url=http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |title=Quotations from Mao Tse Tung – Chapter 6 |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816041622/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/red-book/ch06.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was argued that Mao never intended friendly relations with the U.S.<ref>Michael M. Sheng, ''Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States'' (Princeton University Press, 1997) ch 1</ref> However, due to the [[Sino-Soviet split]] and increasing tension between China and the Soviet Union, US President [[Richard Nixon]] signaled a diplomatic rapprochement with communist China, and [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|embarked on an official visit in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nixon|first=Richard|title=Announcement of the President's Trip to China|url=http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|work=US-China documents collection|publisher=USC US-China Institute|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111171025/http://china.usc.edu/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=2258|url-status=live}}</ref> Diplomatic relations between the two countries were eventually restored in 1979. After Mao's death, [[Deng Xiaoping]] embarked on economic reforms, and hostility diminished sharply, while large-scale trade and investments, as well as cultural exchanges became major factors. Following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], the U.S. placed economic and military sanctions upon China, although official diplomatic relations continued.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html The West Condemns the Crackdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909200418/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/05/world/the-west-condemns-the-crackdown.html |date=9 September 2021 }}, New York Times, 5 June 1989.</ref>
[[File:Anti-American Protests in Nanjing, 1999 (flickr 2543499638).jpg|thumb|Anti-American protests in Nanjing following the [[U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade]], 1999]]

In 2013, 53% of Chinese respondents in a [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] survey had a "very unfavorable" or "somewhat unfavorable" view of the U.S.<ref name="pew"/> Relations improved slightly near the end of Obama's term in 2016, with 44% of Chinese respondents expressing an unfavorable view of the U.S compared to 50% of respondents expressing a favorable view.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-06-28|title=A Look at America's International Image|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613145926/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/06/28/americas-international-image/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been a significant increase in anti-Americanism since U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] launched a [[China–United States trade war|trade war]] against China, with Chinese media airing [[Korean War]] films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|title=The Dangerous Reprise of Chinese Korean War Propaganda|last=Diplomat|first=Andrew Kuech, The|website=The Diplomat|language=en-US|date=14 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121451/https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/the-dangerous-reprise-of-chinese-korean-war-propaganda/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|title=China's Propaganda Machine Takes Aim at U.S. Over Trade War|last=Hernández|first=Javier C.|date=2019-05-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-25|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909213325/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/world/asia/china-propaganda-trade.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, ''[[Global Times]]'' said that "the trade war with the U.S. at the moment reminds Chinese of military struggles between China and the U.S. during the Korean War."<ref name=":0" />

=====Japan=====
[[File:The protesting crowd in Ginowan on 2009-11-08.jpg|thumb|Okinawans protesting against the U.S. [[Marine Corps Air Station Futenma]] in [[Ginowan]], 8 November 2009]]
In Japan, objections to the behavior and presence of American military personnel are sometimes reported as anti-Americanism, such as the [[1995 Okinawa rape incident]].<ref name="CNNOkinawa">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|title=Thousands rally against U.S. bases in Okinawa|access-date=11 April 2008|publisher=CNN|date=21 October 1995|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055447/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/okinawa_protest/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |title=Road deaths ignite Korean anti-Americanism |access-date=11 April 2008 |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 August 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160744/http://www.iht.com/articles/2002/08/01/kor_ed1_.php |archive-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref> {{as of|2008}}, the ongoing U.S. military presence on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] remained a contentious issue in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |title=Rice soothes Japan on rape case |access-date=13 March 2008 |publisher=CNN |date=27 February 2008 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611055449/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

While protests have arisen because of specific incidents, they are often reflective of deeper historical resentments. Robert Hathaway, director of the Wilson Center's Asia program, suggests: "The growth of anti-American sentiment in both Japan and South Korea must be seen not simply as a response to American policies and actions, but as reflective of deeper domestic trends and developments within these Asian countries".<ref name="WilsonProgram">{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |title=The Making of "Anti-American" Sentiment in Korea and Japan 
 |date=6 May 2003 
 |website=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017162435/http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=events.event_summary&event_id=27212 
 |archive-date=17 October 2007 
}}</ref> In Japan, a variety of threads have contributed to anti-Americanism in the post-war era, including [[pacifism]] on the left, [[Japanese nationalism|nationalism]] on the right, and opportunistic worries over American influence in Japanese economic life.<ref>{{cite book |title=Korean Attitudes Toward the United States: Changing Dynamics |chapter=Anti-Americanism in Japan |last=Glosserman |first=Bob |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |year=2005 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=0-7656-1435-9 |pages=34–45 |access-date=8 November 2020 |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231002041/https://books.google.com/books?id=EB4PbvOcbP8C&q=Japan+anti-Americanism&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From the [[Postwar Japan|postwar]] until today, most conservatives, including the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]],<ref name="Hitoshi Tanaka">{{cite book |author1=Hitoshi Tanaka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeXkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 |title=Historical Narratives of East Asia in the 21st Century: Overcoming the Politics of National Identity |quote=... Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, founded in 1997, shared “anti-American conservative” convictions, rather than a “pro-American conservative” attitude similar to the LDP's political stance. |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge| isbn=978-1-000-05317-3 }}</ref> have a pro-American view; there are "[[anti-American conservative]]" who are critical of this and seek to preserve Japan's independent foreign policy or cultural values.

=====South Korea=====
{{See also|Anti-American sentiment in Korea}}
Speaking to the Wilson Center, [[Katharine Moon]] notes that while the majority of South Koreans support the American alliance "anti-Americanism also represents the collective venting of accumulated grievances that in many instances have lain hidden for decades".<ref name=WilsonProgram/> In the 1990s, scholars, policy makers, and the media noted that anti-Americanism was motivated by the rejection of authoritarianism and a resurgent nationalism, this nationalist anti-Americanism continued into the 2000s fueled by a number of incidents such as the [[South Korea and the International Monetary Fund|IMF crisis]].<ref>Korea's democratisation, Ed Samuel S. Kim, Cambridge university press 2003, Page 135 and 136</ref> During the early 1990s, [[Western princess]], prostitutes for American soldiers became a symbol of anti-American nationalism.<ref name="Cho91">{{cite book |last= Cho |first= Grace |title= Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0816652754 |page= 91 |access-date= 8 November 2020 |archive-date= 18 August 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210818004323/https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&q=yanggongju%20caste&pg=PA103 |url-status= live }}</ref>

"Dear American" is an anti-American song sung by [[Psy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Imam|first=Jareen|title=PSY apologizes for viral anti-American lyrics|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 December 2012|date=10 December 2012|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902000922/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/07/showbiz/psy-apology-irpt/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Fucking USA]]" is an anti-American [[protest song]] written by South Korean singer and activist Yoon Min-suk. Strongly anti-U.S. foreign policy and anti-Bush, the song was written in 2002 at a time when, following the [[Apolo Ohno]] Olympic controversy and [[Yangju highway incident|an incident in Yangju]] in which two Korean middle school students died after being struck by a U.S. Army vehicle, anti-American sentiment in South Korea reached high levels.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ Ohno Becomes Most Reviled Athlete in South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151928/http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/02/20/ohno-reviled-athlete-south-korea/ |date=24 September 2015 }}, Fox News, 20 February 2010.</ref> However, by 2009, a majority of South Koreans were reported as having a favorable view of the United States.<ref>[http://pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 Opinion of the United States : 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523043654/https://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Pew Global Attitudes Project.</ref> In 2014, 58% of South Koreans had a favorable view of the U.S., making South Korea one of the world's most pro-American countries.<ref name=bbcpoll />

=====North Korea=====
[[File:NKmuseum.jpg|thumb|North Koreans touring the [[Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities|Museum of American War Atrocities]] in 2009]]
[[North Korea–United States relations|Relations between North Korea and the United States]] have been hostile ever since the [[Korean War]], and the former's more recent development of [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons and long range missiles]] has further increased tension between the two nations.<ref name="NWTNKorea">{{cite news |title=In Focus: North Korea's Nuclear Threats |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 April 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907121731/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The United States currently maintains a [[United States Forces Korea|military presence in South Korea]], and President [[George W. Bush]] had previously described North Korea as part of the "[[Axis of Evil]]".

In North Korea, July is the "Month of Joint Anti-American Struggle," with festivities to denounce the U.S.<ref name="NKH">{{cite book |title=North Korea Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=369 |isbn=9780765635235 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=5 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105152107/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA369 |url-status=live }}</ref>