Editing Flash memory (section)

===Write endurance===
The write endurance of SLC floating-gate NOR flash is typically equal to or greater than that of NAND&nbsp;flash, while MLC&nbsp;NOR and NAND&nbsp;flash have similar endurance capabilities. Examples of endurance cycle ratings listed in datasheets for NAND and NOR&nbsp;flash, as well as in storage devices using flash memory, are provided.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://electronicdesign.com/memory/fundamentals-flash-memory-storage |title=The Fundamentals of Flash Memory Storage |access-date=2017-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104163357/http://electronicdesign.com/memory/fundamentals-flash-memory-storage |archive-date=4 January 2017|date=2012-03-20 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Type of flash<br>memory !! Endurance rating<br>(erases per [[Block (data storage)|block]]) !! Example(s) of flash memory or storage device
|-
| [[Single-level cell|SLC]] NAND || 50,000–100,000 || Samsung OneNAND KFW4G16Q2M, Toshiba SLC NAND flash chips,<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/slc.html|title=SLC NAND Flash Memory &#124; TOSHIBA MEMORY &#124; Europe(EMEA)|website=business.toshiba-memory.com|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101193808/https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/slc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.toshiba.com/tma/technologymoves/slc-nand.jsp|title=SLC NAND |website=Toshiba.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901074546/https://www.toshiba.com/tma/technologymoves/slc-nand.jsp |archive-date=1 September 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/serial.html|title=Serial Interface NAND &#124; TOSHIBA MEMORY &#124; Europe(EMEA)|website=business.toshiba-memory.com|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145411/https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/serial.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/benand.html|title=BENAND &#124; TOSHIBA MEMORY &#124; Europe(EMEA)|website=business.toshiba-memory.com|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145413/https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand/benand.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand.html|title=SLC NAND Flash Memory &#124; TOSHIBA MEMORY &#124; Europe(EMEA)|website=business.toshiba-memory.com|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=1 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101145415/https://business.toshiba-memory.com/en-emea/product/memory/slc-nand.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Transcend SD500, Fujitsu S26361-F3298
|-
| [[Multi-level cell|MLC]] NAND || 5,000–10,000 for<br>medium-capacity;<br />1,000 to 3,000 for<br>high-capacity<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/09/new-intel-toshiba-ssd-technologies-squeeze-more-bits-into-each-cell/|title=SSDs are on track to get bigger and cheaper thanks to PLC technology|first=Jim|last=Salter|date=28 September 2019|website=Ars Technica}}</ref> || Samsung K9G8G08U0M (example for medium-capacity applications), Memblaze PBlaze4,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=54|title=PBlaze4_Memblaze|website=memblaze.com|access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> ADATA SU900, Mushkin Reactor
|-
| TLC NAND || 1,000 || Samsung SSD 840
|-
| QLC NAND || {{unknown}} || SanDisk X4 NAND flash SD cards<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sandisk-to-begin-making-x4-flash-chips/|title=SanDisk to begin making 'X4' flash chips|first=Brooke|last=Crothers|website=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sandisk-ships-x4-flash-chips/|title=SanDisk ships 'X4' flash chips|first=Brooke|last=Crothers|website=CNET}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2009-10-sandisk-ships-memory-cards-gigabit.html|title=SanDisk Ships Flash Memory Cards With 64 Gigabit X4 NAND Technology|website=phys.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.photoreview.com.au/news/sandisk-begins-mass-production-of-x4-flash-memory-chips/|title=SanDisk Begins Mass Production of X4 Flash Memory Chips|date=17 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 3D SLC NAND || >100,000 || Samsung Z-NAND<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13951/the-samsung-983-zet-znand-ssd-review|title=The Samsung 983 ZET (Z-NAND) SSD Review: How Fast Can Flash Memory Get?|first=Billy|last=Tallis|website=AnandTech.com}}</ref>
|-
| {{nowrap|3D MLC NAND}} || 6,000–40,000 || Samsung SSD 850 PRO, Samsung SSD 845DC PRO,<ref name="AnandTech-SSD850PROEndurance">{{cite web|last1=Vättö|first1=Kristian|title=Testing Samsung 850 Pro Endurance & Measuring V-NAND Die Size|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8239/update-on-samsung-850-pro-endurance-vnand-die-size|website=[[AnandTech]]|access-date=11 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626155736/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8239/update-on-samsung-850-pro-endurance-vnand-die-size|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="AnandTech-SamsungSSD845DCPreview-p3">{{cite web|last1=Vättö|first1=Kristian|title=Samsung SSD 845DC EVO/PRO Performance Preview & Exploring IOPS Consistency|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8319/samsung-ssd-845dc-evopro-preview-exploring-worstcase-iops/3|website=[[AnandTech]]|access-date=11 June 2017|page=3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022231209/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8319/samsung-ssd-845dc-evopro-preview-exploring-worstcase-iops/3|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> Samsung 860 PRO
|-
| 3D TLC NAND || 1,500–5,000 || Samsung SSD 850 EVO, Samsung SSD 845DC EVO, Crucial MX300<ref name="AnandTech-SamsungSSD850EVOReview-p4">{{cite web|last1=Vättö|first1=Kristian|title=Samsung SSD 850 EVO (120GB, 250GB, 500GB & 1TB) Review|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8747/samsung-ssd-850-evo-review/4|website=[[AnandTech]]|access-date=11 June 2017|page=4|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531043312/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8747/samsung-ssd-850-evo-review/4|archive-date=31 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="AnandTech-SamsungSSD845DCPreview-p2">{{cite web|last1=Vättö|first1=Kristian|title=Samsung SSD 845DC EVO/PRO Performance Preview & Exploring IOPS Consistency|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/8319/samsung-ssd-845dc-evopro-preview-exploring-worstcase-iops/3|website=[[AnandTech]]|access-date=11 June 2017|page=2|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022231209/http://www.anandtech.com/show/8319/samsung-ssd-845dc-evopro-preview-exploring-worstcase-iops/3|archive-date=22 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Toms-FlashIndustryTrends">{{Cite news |date=9 June 2017 |title=Flash Industry Trends Could Lead Users Back to Spinning Disks |work=[[Tom's Hardware]] |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/consumer-optane-enterprise-ssd-market,34631.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106202840/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/consumer-optane-enterprise-ssd-market,34631.html |archive-date=6 November 2023 |last1=Ramseyer |first1=Chris }}</ref>，Memblaze PBlaze5 900, Memblaze PBlaze5 700, Memblaze PBlaze5 910/916, Memblaze PBlaze5 510/516,<ref name="memblaze-pblaze5-700">{{Cite web |title=PBlaze5 700 |url=http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104601/http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=100 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=memblaze.com }}</ref><ref name="memblaze-pblaze5-900">{{Cite web |title=PBlaze5 900 |url=http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104342/http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=101 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019 |website=memblaze.com }}</ref><ref name="memblaze-pblaze5-910">{{Cite web |title=PBlaze5 910/916 series NVMe SSD |url=http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=102 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091248/https://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=102 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=memblaze.com }}</ref><ref name="memblaze-pblaze5-510">{{Cite web |title=PBlaze5 510/516 series NVMe™ SSD |url=http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091116/http://memblaze.com/en/index.php?c=article&a=type&tid=103 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=memblaze.com }}</ref> ADATA SX 8200 PRO (also being sold under "XPG Gammix" branding, model S11 PRO)
|-
| 3D QLC NAND || 100–1,500 ||  Samsung SSD 860 QVO SATA, Intel SSD 660p, Micron 5210 ION, Crucial P1, Samsung SSD BM991 NVMe<ref name="evans-qlc-nand">{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Chris |date=7 November 2018 |title=QLC NAND - What can we expect from the technology? |url=https://www.architecting.it/blog/qlc-nand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102133726/https://www.architecting.it/blog/qlc-nand/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="micron-20181105">{{Cite press release |last=Dicker |first=Derek |date=5 November 2018 |title=Say Hello: Meet the World's First QLC SSD, the Micron 5210 ION |url=https://www.micron.com/about/blog/2018/november/meet%20the%20worlds%20first%20qlc%20ssd%20the%20micron%205210%20ion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130163245/https://www.micron.com/about/blog/2018/november/meet%20the%20worlds%20first%20qlc%20ssd%20the%20micron%205210%20ion |archive-date=30 January 2019 |publisher=[[Micron Technology]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.micron.com/products/advanced%20solutions/qlc%20nand|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130091405/https://www.micron.com/products/advanced%20solutions/qlc%20nand|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2019|title=QLC NAND|website=Micron.com}}</ref><ref name="anandtech-20180807">{{Cite news |last=Tallis |first=Billy |title=The Intel SSD 660p SSD Review: QLC NAND Arrives For Consumer SSDs |work=[[AnandTech]] |url=https://www.anandtech.com/show/13078/the-intel-ssd-660p-ssd-review-qlc-nand-arrives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102131136/https://www.anandtech.com/show/13078/the-intel-ssd-660p-ssd-review-qlc-nand-arrives |archive-date=2 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storagesearch.com/ssdmyths-endurance.html|title=SSD endurance myths and legends articles on StorageSearch.com|website=StorageSearch.com}}</ref><ref name="toms-20181019">{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Sean |date=19 October 2018 |title=Samsung Announces QLC SSDs And Second-Gen Z-NAND |work=[[Tom's Hardware]] |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/samsung-qlc-z-nand-ssd-flash,37945.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102141850/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/samsung-qlc-z-nand-ssd-flash,37945.html |archive-date=2 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="pcgamesn-20190108">{{Cite news |last=James |first=Dave |date=8 January 2019 |title=Samsung 860 QVO review: the first QLC SATA SSD, but it can't topple TLC yet |work=PCGamesN |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/samsung-860-qvo-review-benchmarks-qlc-ssd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121125529/https://www.pcgamesn.com/samsung-860-qvo-review-benchmarks-qlc-ssd |archive-date=21 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="samsung-20180807">{{Cite press release |date=7 August 2018 |title=Samsung Electronics Starts Mass Production of Industry's First 4-bit Consumer SSD |url=https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-starts-mass-production-of-industrys-first-4-bit-consumer-ssd |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132203/https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-starts-mass-production-of-industrys-first-4-bit-consumer-ssd |archive-date=2 November 2023 |publisher=[[Samsung]] }}</ref>
|-
| 3D PLC NAND || {{unknown}} || In development by SK Hynix (formerly Intel)<ref name="reuters-20201020">{{Cite news |last1=Jin |first1=Hyunjoo |last2=Nellis |first2=Stephen |last3=Hu |first3=Krystal |last4=Bera |first4=Ayanti |last5=Lee |first5=Joyce |date=20 October 2020 |title=South Korea's SK Hynix to buy Intel's NAND business for $9 billion |editor-last=Coates |editor-first=Stephen |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intel-divestiture-sk-hynix-idUSKBN2742IY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102132619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intel-divestiture-sk-hynix-idUSKBN2742IY |archive-date=2 November 2023 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> and [[Kioxia]] (formerly Toshiba Memory).<ref name="auto4" />
|-
| SLC (floating-<br>gate) NOR || 100,000–1,000,000 || Numonyx M58BW (Endurance rating of 100,000 erases per block);<br />[[Spansion]] S29CD016J (Endurance rating of 1,000,000 erases per block)
|-
| MLC (floating-<br>gate) NOR || 100,000 || Numonyx J3 flash
|-
| 3D SLC NOR || >1,000,000 ||
|-
| 3D MLC NOR || 100,000-1,000,000 ||
|}

However, by applying certain algorithms and design paradigms such as [[wear leveling]] and [[Flash over-provisioning|memory over-provisioning]], the endurance of a storage system can be tuned to serve specific requirements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wdc.com/WDProducts/SSD/whitepapers/en/NAND_Evolution_0812.pdf |title=NAND Evolution and its Effects on Solid State Drive Useable Life |publisher=Western Digital |year=2009 |access-date=22 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112000643/http://www.wdc.com/WDProducts/SSD/whitepapers/en/NAND_Evolution_0812.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2011}}</ref>

In order to compute the longevity of the NAND&nbsp;flash, one must account for the size of the memory chip, the type of memory (e.g. SLC/MLC/TLC), and use pattern. Industrial NAND and server NAND are in demand due to their capacity, longer endurance and reliability in sensitive environments.

As the number of bits per cell increases, performance and life of NAND flash may degrade, increasing random read times to 100μs for TLC NAND which is 4 times the time required in SLC NAND, and twice the time required in MLC NAND, for random reads.<ref name="auto6"/>