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==Demographics== {{Further|Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)|Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)|Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II}} {{Historical populations |1890|120338 |1910|170337 |1929|256403 |1945|139078 |1946|117894 |1950|194633 |1960|286940 |1970|365600 |1978|442118|21=1988|22=464308|25=2002|26=461334|29=2011|30=460276|35=2021|36=486022|footnote=Sources:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Gdansk | title=Gdańsk (Pomorskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and occupational structure and housing conditions of the urban population in 1978-1988|url=https://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/RQ1U9XAX48KJJDQ54QSAFQKQ6AK6GS.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Poland - National Censuses|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/podgrup/temat/}}</ref>}} [[File:Gdańsk population pyramid.svg|thumb|Gdańsk population pyramid in 2021]] The 1923 census conducted in the Free City of Danzig indicated that of all inhabitants, 95% were German, and 3% were Polish and Kashubian. The end of [[World War II]] is a significant break in continuity with regard to the inhabitants of Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date=1923 |title=The Jews of the Free City of Danzig—census of 1923 and 1924 |url=https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn= |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162154/https://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1930_1931_8_StatSupplements.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> German citizens began to flee en masse as the Soviet [[Red Army]] advanced, composed of both spontaneous flights driven by rumors of [[Soviet war crimes|Soviet atrocities]], and organised evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 which continued into the spring of 1945.<ref name="Kacowicz100101">Arie Marcelo Kacowicz, Pawel Lutomski, ''Population resettlement in international conflicts: a comparative study'', Lexington Books, 2007, pp. 100, 101 {{ISBN|0-7391-1607-X}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&pg=PA100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061435/https://books.google.de/books?id=ovck_g0xwX0C&pg=PA103&dq=expulsion+germans+poland&lr=&as_brr=3&redir_esc=y#PPA100,M1|date=8 March 2021}}</ref> Approximately 1% (100,000) of the German civilian population residing east of the [[Oder–Neisse line]] perished in the fighting prior to the surrender in May 1945.<ref>Spieler, Silke. ed. ''Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945–1948''. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. (1989). {{ISBN|3-88557-067-X}}. pp. 23–41</ref> German civilians were also sent as "reparations labour" to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>Pavel Polian-''Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR'' Central European University Press 2003 {{ISBN|963-9241-68-7}} pp. 286-293</ref>{{sfn|Kamusella|2004|p=28}} Poles from other parts of Poland replaced the former German-speaking population, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.<ref name=Curp42>{{cite book |title=A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960 |first=T. David |last=Curp |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |year=2006 |isbn=1-58046-238-3 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=28 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128133042/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 March 1945, the [[Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)|Gdańsk Voivodeship]] was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the [[Recovered Territories]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of modern Poland: from the foundation of the State in the First World War to the present day |first=Hans |last=Roos |publisher=Knopf |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig |access-date=2009-08-04 |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308120817/http://www.google.de/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&lr= |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 1 November 1945, around 93,029 Germans remained within the city limits.<ref name=Byk>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |author=Sylwia Bykowska |publisher=Peter-Lang-Verlagsgruppe |page=116 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref> The locals of German descent who declared Polish nationality were permitted to remain; as of 1 January 1949, 13,424 persons who had received Polish citizenship in a post-war "ethnic vetting" process lived in Gdańsk.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II |first=Sylwia |last=Bykowska |publisher=Peter Lang |page=239 |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-631-67940-1}}</ref> The settlers can be grouped according to their background: *Poles that had been freed from [[forced labor in Nazi Germany]]<ref name=Cordell168>Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, ''Poland and the European Union'', 2000, p. 168, {{ISBN|0-415-23885-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23885-4}}: gives 4.55 million in the first years</ref><ref name=Hoffmann142/> *[[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|Repatriates]]: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border. This included assimilated minorities such as [[Armenians in Poland|the Polish-Armenian community]]<ref name=Cordell168/><ref name=Hoffmann142>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&q=vertreibung+polen&pg=PA140 |title=Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, ''Geglückte Integration?'', p. 142 |isbn=9783486645033 |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Dierk |last2=Schwartz |first2=Michael |year=1999 |publisher=Oldenbourg }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *Poles incl. [[Kashubians]] relocating from nearby villages and small towns<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |title=Kaszubi w Gdańsku |last= |first= |date= |website=Kaszëbskô Jednota |publisher=[[Kashubian Association]] |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210162155/http://kaszebsko.com/kaszubi-w-gdansku.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Settlers from central Poland migrating voluntarily<ref name=Cordell168/> *Non-Poles forcibly resettled during [[Operation Vistula]] in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians, and [[Lemkos]], and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.<ref>Thum, p. 129</ref> *[[Jews|Jewish]] [[Holocaust]] survivors, most of them [[Polish population transfers (1944–1946)|Polish repatriates]] from the [[Eastern Borderlands]].<ref>Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, ''Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period'', pp. 283-284, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7146-3413-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3413-5}}</ref> *[[Greeks in Poland|Greeks]] and [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Slav Macedonians]], [[refugees of the Greek Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Grzegorz Waligóra |editor2=Łukasz Kamiński |date=2010 |title=NSZZ Solidarność, 1980-1989: Wokół Solidarności |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_M-AQAAIAAJ&q=grecy%20do%20gda%C5%84ska%20%20wojn%C4%85%20domow%C4%85 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |page=463 |isbn=9788376291765 |language=pl |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201032230/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/NSZZ_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87_1980_1989_Wok%C3%B3%C5%82_Sol/c_M-AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=grecy+do+gda%C5%84ska++wojn%C4%85+domow%C4%85 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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