Editing Industrial Revolution (section)

====Housing====
[[File:Dore London.jpg|thumb|Housing in London {{Circa|1870s}} by [[Gustave Doré]]]]
Rapid population growth included the new industrial and manufacturing cities, as well as service centers such as [[Edinburgh]] and London.<ref>Gregory Clark, "Shelter from the storm: housing and the industrial revolution, 1550–1909". ''Journal of Economic History'' 62#2 (2002): 489–511.</ref> The critical factor was financing, which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3825462|title = The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London|journal = Victorian Studies|volume = 11|pages = 641–690|last1 = Dyos|first1 = H. J.|year = 1968}}</ref><ref>Christopher Powell, ''The British building industry since 1800: An economic history'' (Taylor & Francis, 1996).</ref> Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure, this was usually of advantage to tenants.<ref>P. Kemp, "Housing landlordism in late nineteenth-century Britain". ''Environment and Planning A'' 14.11 (1982): 1437–1447.</ref> People moved in so rapidly there was not enough capital to build adequate housing, so low-income newcomers squeezed into overcrowded [[slum]]s. [[Drinking water|Clean water]], [[sanitation]], and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and [[tuberculosis]] among young adults. [[Cholera]] from polluted water and [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] were endemic. Unlike rural areas, there were no famines such that which devastated Ireland in the 1840s.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3825891|title = The Slums of Victorian London|journal = Victorian Studies|volume = 11|issue = 1|pages = 5–40|last1 = Dyos|first1 = H. J.|year = 1967}}</ref><ref>Anthony S. Wohl, ''The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London'' (1977).</ref><ref>Martin J. Daunton, ''House and home in the Victorian city: working-class housing, 1850–1914'' (1983).</ref>

A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions. The most famous publication was by a founder of the socialist movement. In ''[[The Condition of the Working Class in England]]'' in 1844, [[Friedrich Engels]] describes backstreets of Manchester and other mill towns, where people lived in shanties and shacks, some not enclosed, some with dirt floors. These [[shanty town]]s had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings. There were no sanitary facilities. Population density was extremely high.<ref>Enid Gauldie, ''Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780–1918'' (Allen & Unwin, 1974)</ref> However, not everyone lived in such poor conditions. The Industrial Revolution created a middle class of businessmen, clerks, foremen, and engineers who lived in much better conditions.

Conditions improved over the 19th century with new public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene, and home construction. In the introduction of his 1892 edition, Engels noted most of the conditions had greatly improved. For example, the [[Public Health Act 1875]] led to the more sanitary [[byelaw terraced house]].