Editing Life extension (section)

===Other approaches===
Further advanced biosciences-based approaches include:
* '''Genetic and epigenetic alterations''': [[Human genetic enhancement]] for pro-longevity and protective genes – see [[genetics of aging]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Delhove J, Osenk I, Prichard I, Donnelley M | title = Public Acceptability of Gene Therapy and Gene Editing for Human Use: A Systematic Review | journal = Human Gene Therapy | volume = 31 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 20–46 | date = January 2020 | pmid = 31802714 | doi = 10.1089/hum.2019.197 | s2cid = 208645665 }}</ref><ref name="Zhavoronkov-2019"/>
* '''Cellular reprogramming''': in vivo [[Induced pluripotent stem cell|reprogramming]] to complement or augment [[Regeneration in humans|human regenerative capacity]] and rejuvenate or replace cells<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC | title = Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 122 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–141 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29301845 | pmc = 5823281 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311866 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yener Ilce B, Cagin U, Yilmazer A | title = Cellular reprogramming: A new way to understand aging mechanisms | journal = Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29350802 | doi = 10.1002/wdev.308 | s2cid = 46743444 }}</ref><ref name="Zhavoronkov-2019"/>
* '''Epigenetic reprogramming''': early-stage research about rejuvenating/repairing [[epigenetic]] machinery<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Topart C, Werner E, Arimondo PB | title = Wandering along the epigenetic timeline | journal = Clinical Epigenetics | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 97 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32616071 | pmc = 7330981 | doi = 10.1186/s13148-020-00893-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* '''Stem-cell interventions''': "Increasing the number and quality of stem cells and activate regenerative signals"<ref name="Ullah-2018"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baraniak |first1=Priya R |last2=McDevitt |first2=Todd C |title=Stem cell paracrine actions and tissue regeneration |journal=Regenerative Medicine |date=January 2010 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=121–143 |doi=10.2217/rme.09.74 |pmid=20017699 |pmc=2833273 }}</ref>
* '''[[Nanobiotechnology#Nanomedicine|Nanomedicine]]''': early-stage research of in vivo pro-longevity nanotechnology<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rzigalinski BA, Meehan K, Davis RM, Xu Y, Miles WC, Cohen CA | title = Radical nanomedicine | journal = Nanomedicine | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 399–412 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17716143 | doi = 10.2217/17435889.1.4.399 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ventola |first1=CL |title=The nanomedicine revolution: part 2: current and future clinical applications. |journal=P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management |date=October 2012 |volume=37 |issue=10 |pages=582–91 |pmid=23115468 |pmc=3474440 }}</ref>
* '''[[Tissue engineering]]''': of tissues and organs<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Dorvash M, Estedlal A, Hoveidaei AH, Mazloomrezaei M, Mosaddeghi P | title = Aging: A cell source limiting factor in tissue engineering | journal = World Journal of Stem Cells | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages = 787–802 | date = October 2019 | pmid = 31692986 | doi = 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i10.787 | pmc = 6828594 | s2cid = 207894219 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (see also: [[xenotransplantation]] and [[artificial organ]])
*{{anchor|EndogenousCirculatingBiomolecules}}'''Endogenous circulating biomolecules''': [[Blood protein]]s of blood from young animals have shown some pro-longevity potential in animal studies (e.g. via transfer of blood or plasma, and of plasma proteins).<ref name="Partridge-2018"/> Moreover, [[exerkine]]s – signalling biomolecules released during/after exercise – have also shown promising results.<ref name="Chow-2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, Febbraio MA, Galis ZS, Gao Y, Haus JM, Lanza IR, Lavie CJ, Lee CH, Lucia A, Moro C, Pandey A, Robbins JM, Stanford KI, Thackray AE, Villeda S, Watt MJ, Xia A, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, Snyder MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Exerkines in health, resilience and disease | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 273–289 | date = May 2022 | pmid = 35304603 | doi = 10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2 | pmc = 9554896 | s2cid = 247524287 }}</ref> Exerkines include [[myokine]]s. [[Extracellular vesicles]] were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines and are also investigated.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA | title = Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 11 | pages = 604274 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33597890 | pmc = 7882633 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lananna BV, Imai SI | title = Friends and foes: Extracellular vesicles in aging and rejuvenation | journal = FASEB BioAdvances | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 787–801 | date = October 2021 | pmid = 34632314 | pmc = 8493967 | doi = 10.1096/fba.2021-00077 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (See also: [[body fluid]] and [[cerebrospinal fluid]])
*{{anchor|PersonalizedInterventions}}'''Personalized interventions''': future studies may tailor and investigate [[personalized medicine]]-type interventions.<ref name="Campisi-2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Campisi J, Kapahi P, Lithgow GJ, Melov S, Newman JC, Verdin E | title = From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing | journal = Nature | volume = 571 | issue = 7764 | pages = 183–192 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31292558 | pmc = 7205183 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-019-1365-2 | bibcode = 2019Natur.571..183C }}</ref> For instance, effects of interventions or e.g. dosages may vary per age<ref name="Longo-2022"/> and/or genome. A review suggests that the field of [[precision medicine]] and geroscience will have to interact closely<ref name="Campisi-2019"/> (see also: [[combination therapy]])
* '''Peptides''': such as [[MT-RNR1|MOTS-c]] released by mitochondria<ref name="Lopez-Otin-2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Otín C, Galluzzi L, Freije JM, Madeo F, Kroemer G | title = Metabolic Control of Longevity | journal = Cell | volume = 166 | issue = 4 | pages = 802–821 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27518560 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.031 | s2cid = 2316555 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* '''Mitochondria modulation''': early-stage research indicates mitochondrial interventions such as mitochondrial transplantation may have potential to be efficacious<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomita K, Kuwahara Y, Igarashi K, Roudkenar MH, Roushandeh AM, Kurimasa A, Sato T | title = Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diseases, Longevity, and Treatment Resistance: Tuning Mitochondria Function as a Therapeutic Strategy | journal = Genes | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 1348 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34573330 | doi = 10.3390/genes12091348 | pmc = 8467098 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Zhavoronkov-2019"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akbari M, Kirkwood TB, Bohr VA | title = Mitochondria in the signaling pathways that control longevity and health span | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 54 | pages = 100940 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31415807 | pmc = 7479635 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100940 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akbari M, Kirkwood TB, Bohr VA | title = Mitochondria in the signaling pathways that control longevity and health span | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 54 | pages = 100940 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31415807 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100940 | pmc = 7479635 | s2cid = 199544098 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Santoro A, Martucci M, Conte M, Capri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S | title = Inflammaging, hormesis and the rationale for anti-aging strategies | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 64 | pages = 101142 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 32814129 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101142 | s2cid = 221136388 }}</ref> (See also: [[mitochondrial theory of ageing]])

====Within the field====
{{See also|Biogerontology}}
There is a need and research into the development of aging [[biomarker]]s such as the [[epigenetic clock]] "to assess the ageing process and the efficacy of interventions to bypass the need for large-scale longitudinal studies".<ref name="Campisi-2019"/><ref name="Zhavoronkov-2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhavoronkov A, Mamoshina P, Vanhaelen Q, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Moskalev A, Aliper A | title = Artificial intelligence for aging and longevity research: Recent advances and perspectives | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 49 | pages = 49–66 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30472217 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003 | s2cid = 53755842 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Such biomarkers may also include in vivo [[brain imaging]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ingram DK, Chefer S, Matochik J, Moscrip TD, Weed J, Roth GS, London ED, Lane MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Aging and caloric restriction in nonhuman primates: behavioral and in vivo brain imaging studies | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 928 | pages = 316–326 | date = April 2001 | issue = 1 | pmid = 11795523 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05661.x | s2cid = 35478202 }}</ref>

Reviews sometimes include structured tables that provide systematic overviews of intervention/drug candidates with a review calling for integrating "current knowledge with multi-omics, health records, and drug safety data to predict drugs that can improve health in late life" and listing [[research question|major outstanding questions]].<ref name="Donertas-2019"/> [[Biological database]]s of prolongevity drug candidates under research as well as of potential gene/protein targets include GenAge, DrugAge and Geroprotectors.<ref name="Donertas-2019"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, Ortolano S, Pani G, Athanasopoulou S, Gonos ES, Schosserer M, Grillari J, Peterson P, Tuna BG, Dogan S, Meyer A, van Os R, Trendelenburg AU | display-authors = 6 | title = Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases | journal = Ageing Research Reviews | volume = 47 | pages = 214–277 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30071357 | doi = 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004 | s2cid = 51865989 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10807/130553 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

A review has pointed out that the approach of "'epidemiological' comparison of how a low versus a high consumption of an isolated macronutrient and its association with health and mortality may not only fail to identify protective or detrimental nutrition patterns but may lead to misleading interpretations". It proposes a multi-pillar approach, and summarizes findings towards constructing – multi-system-considering and at least age-personalized dynamic – refined longevity diets. Epidemiological-type observational studies included in meta-analyses should according to the study at least be complemented by "(1) basic research focused on lifespan and healthspan, (2) carefully controlled clinical trials, and (3) studies of individuals and populations with record longevity".<ref name="Longo-2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Longo VD, Anderson RM | title = Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions | language = English | journal = Cell | volume = 185 | issue = 9 | pages = 1455–1470 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35487190 | pmc = 9089818 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002 }}</ref>