Editing Mirror test (section)

==Humans==
[[File:Mirror baby.jpg|thumb|225px|A human child exploring their reflection]]
The rouge test is a version of the mirror test used with human children.<ref name=Amsterdam>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/dev.420050403 |author=Beulah Amsterdam |title=Mirror self-image reactions before age two |journal=Developmental Psychobiology |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=297–305 |year=1972 |pmid=4679817}}</ref> Using [[rouge (cosmetics)|rouge]] makeup, an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot on the face of the child. The children are then placed in front of a mirror and their reactions are monitored; depending on the child's development, distinct categories of responses are demonstrated. This test is widely cited as the primary measure for mirror self-recognition in human children.<ref name=Lewis>{{cite book |title=Social cognition and the acquisition of self |url=https://archive.org/details/socialcognitiona0000lewi |url-access=registration |last=Lewis |first=M. |author2=Brooks-Gunn, J. |year=1979 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-306-40232-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/socialcognitiona0000lewi/page/296 296]}}</ref><ref name=Priel>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-0965(86)90038-X |author=Priel, Beatrice |author2=de Schonen, Scania |title=Self-Recognition: A Study of a Population without Mirrors |journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=237–250 |year=1986 |pmid=3701250}}</ref><ref name=Sedikides>Sedikides, C. & Spencer, S.J. (Eds.) (2007). ''The Self''. New York: Psychology Press</ref>

There is criticism that passing a rouge test may be culturally motivated, and that what is commonly thought about mirror self-recognition actually applies only to children of Western countries. A study from 2010 tested children from rural communities in Kenya, Fiji, Saint Lucia, Grenada and Peru, as well as urban United States and rural Canada. The majority of children from the US and Canada passed the MSR test, but fewer children from the other regions passed the MSR test. In the Kenya test, only 3% of children aged 18–72 months touched the mark. In the Fiji test, none of the children aged 36–55 months touched the mark. The other non-Western rural children scored much better, but still markedly worse than their Western counterparts.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022022110381114?journalCode=jcca | doi=10.1177/0022022110381114 | title=Cultural Variations in Children's Mirror Self-Recognition | date=2011 | last1=Broesch | first1=Tanya | last2=Callaghan | first2=Tara | last3=Henrich | first3=Joseph | last4=Murphy | first4=Christine | last5=Rochat | first5=Philippe | journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology | volume=42 | issue=6 | pages=1018–1029 | s2cid=18326326 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Developmental reactions===
In a study in 1972, from the ages of 6 to 12 months, children typically saw a "sociable playmate" in the mirror's reflection. Self-admiring and embarrassment usually began at 12 months, and at 14 to 20 months, most children demonstrated avoidance behaviors. By 20 to 24 months, self-recognition climbed to 65%. Children did so by evincing mark-directed behavior; they touched their own noses or tried to wipe the marks off.<ref name="Amsterdam" /> In another study, in 1974, at 18 months, half of children recognized the reflection in the mirror as their own.<ref name="Lewis" />

Self-recognition in mirrors apparently is independent of familiarity with reflecting surfaces.<ref name=Priel/> In some cases, the rouge test has been shown to have differing results, depending on sociocultural orientation. For example, a [[Nso people|Cameroonian Nso]] sample of infants 18 to 20 months of age had an extremely low amount of self-recognition outcomes at 3.2%. The study also found two strong predictors of self-recognition: object stimulation (maternal effort of attracting the attention of the infant to an object either person touched) and mutual eye contact.<ref name=Keller>{{cite journal |author=Heidi Keller |author2=Relindis Yovsi |author3=Joern Borke |author4=Joscha Kärtner |author5=Henning Jensen |author6=Zaira Papaligoura  |title=Developmental Consequences of Early Parenting Experiences: Self-Recognition and Self-Regulation in Three Cultural Communities |journal=Child Development |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1745–1760 |year=2004|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00814.x |pmid=15566377 |s2cid=601275 }}</ref> A strong correlation between self-concept and [[object permanence]] have also been demonstrated using the rouge test.<ref name=Bertenthal>{{cite journal |first1=Bennett I.|last1=Bertenthal |first2=Kurt W.|last2=Fischer |title=Development of Self-Recognition in the Infant |journal=Developmental Psychology |volume=14 |pages=44–50 |year= 1978 | doi = 10.1037/0012-1649.14.1.44 |citeseerx=10.1.1.550.1903 }}</ref>

===Implications===
The rouge test is a measure of [[self-concept]]; the child who touches the rouge on their own nose upon looking into a mirror demonstrates the basic ability to understand self-awareness.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/dev.420050403 | pmid=4679817 | volume=5 | issue=4 | title=Mirror self-image reactions before age two | year=1972 | journal=Dev Psychobiol | pages=297–305 | author=Amsterdam B}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FK3AwAAQBAJ&q=Butterworth%2C+1992&pg=PA94|title=Self-awareness in the first few weeks of life|access-date=4 November 2017|isbn=9781136872006|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathon|date=2014-06-03|publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref><ref>Social Psychology, 6th Edition p. 68-69</ref> Animals,<ref name="coren">{{cite book |title=How Dogs Think |author=Stanley Coren |isbn=978-0-7432-2232-7 |year=2004 |publisher=Free Press |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/howdogsthinkunde00core }}</ref> young children,<ref name="palmer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ulm.edu/~palmer/ConsciousnessandtheSymbolicUniverse.htm|title=Consciousness and the Symbolic Universe|website=ulm.edu}}</ref> and people who have gained sight after being blind from birth,<ref name="archer">{{cite book |last=Archer |first=John |year=1992 |title=Ethology and Human Development|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-389-20996-6}}</ref> sometimes react to their reflection in the mirror as though it were another individual.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Theorists have remarked on the significance of this period in a child's life. For example, [[psychoanalyst]] [[Jacques Lacan]] used a similar test in marking the [[mirror stage]] when growing up.<ref name="Lacan">Lacan, J., ''Some reflections on the Ego'' in ''Écrits'', org. published 1949.</ref> Current views of the [[self (psychology)|self in psychology]] position the self as playing an integral part in human motivation, cognition, affect, and [[social identity]].<ref name="Sedikides" />