Editing Modern architecture (section)

===Fazlur Rahman Khan===
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File:Hancock_tower_2006.jpg|[[John Hancock Center]] in Chicago by [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was the first building to use X-bracing to create the trussed-tube design. 
File:2004-07-14_2600x1500_chicago_lake_skyline.jpg|[[Willis Tower]] in Chicago was the first building to use the bundled-tube design. 
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In 1955, employed by the architectural firm [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]] (SOM), he began working in Chicago. He was made a partner in 1966. He worked the rest of his life side by side with Architect Bruce Graham.<ref>{{cite news |title=Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan |url=http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=4199 |date=19 June 2009 |journal=The Muslim Observer |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619140854/http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=4199 |archive-date=19 June 2013 }}</ref> Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was the [[Chestnut De-Witt apartment building]].<ref name=Baker>{{cite conference |url=http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/BWW/1-tematy/budynki/0-dyplomy/Jin%20Mao%20Tower%20%28Jinbao%20Building%29,%20Szanghai,%20China%20%28Chiny%29,%2088%20kond/Bak01.pdf |title=Structural Innovation |last=Baker |first=William F. |date=2001 |publisher=Spon Press |book-title=Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium |pages=481–493 |location=New York |isbn=0-415-23241-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160854/http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/BWW/1-tematy/budynki/0-dyplomy/Jin%20Mao%20Tower%20%28Jinbao%20Building%29%2C%20Szanghai%2C%20China%20%28Chiny%29%2C%2088%20kond/Bak01.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story [[John Hancock Center]], which was the first building to use the trussed-tube design, and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed [[Willis Tower]], the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, which was the first building to use the framed-tube design.

He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people." Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the [[Ryerson & Burnham Libraries]] at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.

Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the [[construction of the World Trade Center]], [[Aon Center (Chicago)|Aon Centre]], [[Petronas Towers]], [[Jin Mao Building]], [[Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong|Bank of China Tower]] and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s. The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the [[Burj Khalifa]] in [[Dubai]]. According to Stephen Bayley of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'':
{{blockquote|Khan invented a new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. ... Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity |first=Stephen |last=Bayley |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=5 January 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2010-02-26}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}