Editing Textual criticism (section)

==Digital textual scholarship==
Digital textual criticism is a relatively new branch of textual criticism working with digital tools to establish a critical edition. The development of digital editing tools has allowed editors to transcribe, archive and process documents much faster than before. Some scholars claim digital editing has radically changed the nature of textual criticism; but others believe the editing process has remained fundamentally the same, and digital tools have simply made aspects of it more efficient.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

=== History ===
From its beginnings, digital scholarly editing involved developing a system for displaying both a newly "typeset" text and a history of variations in the text under review. Until about halfway through the first decade of the twenty-first century, digital archives relied almost entirely on manual transcriptions of texts. Notable exceptions are the earliest digital scholarly editions published in Budapest in the 1990s. These editions contained high resolution images next to the diplomatic transcription of the texts, as well as a newly typeset text with annotations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balassi |first=Bálint |editor-last=Horváth |editor-first=Iván |title=Balassi Bálint összes verse, hálózati kritikai kiadás (c) 1998 |url=http://magyar-irodalom.elte.hu/gepesk/bbom/itart.htm |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=magyar-irodalom.elte.hu}}</ref> These old websites are still available at their original location. Over the course of the early twenty-first century, image files became much faster and cheaper, and storage space and upload times ceased to be significant issues. The next step in digital scholarly editing was the wholesale introduction of images of historical texts, particularly high-definition images of manuscripts, formerly offered only in samples.<ref name="ecommons.luc.edu">Shillingsburg, Peter, "Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally" (2013). Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications. 3. {{cite journal |url=http://ecommons.luc.edu/ctsdh_pubs/3 |title=Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally |journal=Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications |date=January 2013 |access-date=2017-05-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816064103/http://ecommons.luc.edu/ctsdh_pubs/3/ |archive-date=2017-08-16 |last1=Shillingsburg |first1=Peter }}</ref>

=== Methods ===
In view of the need to represent historical texts primarily through transcription, and because transcriptions required encoding for every aspect of text that could not be recorded by a single keystroke on the [[QWERTY]] keyboard, encoding was invented. [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI) uses encoding for the same purpose, although its particulars were designed for scholarly uses in order to offer some hope that scholarly work on digital texts had a good chance of migrating from aging operating systems and digital platforms to new ones and the hope that standardization would lead to easy interchange of data among different projects.<ref name="ecommons.luc.edu"/>

=== Software ===
Several computer programs and standards exist to support the work of the editors of critical editions. These include
* The [[Text Encoding Initiative]]. The Guidelines of the TEI provide much detailed analysis of the procedures of critical editing, including recommendations about how to mark up a computer file containing a text with critical apparatus. See especially the following chapters of the Guidelines: [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/MS.html 10. Manuscript Description], [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/PH.html 11. Representation of Primary Sources], and [http://www.tei-c.org/release/doc/tei-p5-doc/en/html/TC.html 12. Critical Apparatus].
* [http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about/ Juxta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511153533/http://www.juxtasoftware.org/about/ |date=2018-05-11 }} is an open-source tool for comparing and collating multiple witnesses to a single textual work. It was designed to aid scholars and editors examine the history of a text from manuscript to print versions. Juxta provides collation for multiple versions of texts that are marked up in plain text or TEI/XML format.
* The [http://tug.org/edmac EDMAC] macro package for Plain [[TeX]] is a set of macros originally developed by John Lavagnino and Dominik Wujastyk for typesetting critical editions. "EDMAC" stands for "EDition" "MACros." EDMAC is in [[maintenance mode]].
* The [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/ledmac ledmac] package is a development of EDMAC by Peter R. Wilson for typesetting critical editions with [[LaTeX]]. [[ledmac]] is in [[maintenance mode]].<ref>See further the useful guidelines offered by {{cite web|last=Dekker|first=D-J.|title=Typesetting Critical Editions with LaTeX: ledmac, ledpar and ledarab|url=http://www.djdekker.net/ledmac/|access-date=14 May 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905044748/http://www.djdekker.net/ledmac/|archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>
* The [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/eledmac eledmac] package is a further development of ledmac by Maïeul Rouquette that adds more sophisticated features and solves more advanced problems. [[eledmac]] was forked from ledmac when it became clear that it needed to develop in ways that would compromise [[backward-compatibility]]. [[eledmac]] is maintenance mode.
* The [http://www.ctan.org/pkg/reledmac reledmac] package is a further development of eledmac by Maïeul Rouquette that rewrittes many part of the code in order to allow more robust developments in the future. In 2015, it is in active development.
* [http://www.webdesign-bu.de/uwe_lueck/critedltx.html ednotes], written by Christian Tapp and Uwe Lück is another package for typesetting critical editions using [[LaTeX]].
* [http://cte.oeaw.ac.at// Classical Text Editor] is a word-processor for critical editions, commentaries and parallel texts written by Stefan Hagel. CTE is designed for use on the Windows operating system, but has been successfully run on Linux and OS/X using [[Wine (software)|Wine]]. CTE can export files in TEI format. CTE is currently (2014) in active development.
* [http://karas.ch/cet/cetinfo.htm Critical Edition Typesetter] by Bernt Karasch is a system for typesetting critical editions starting from input into a word-processor, and ending up with typesetting with [[TeX]] and [[EDMAC]]. Development of CET seems to have stopped in 2004.
* [http://www.ekdosis.org ekdosis] ekdosis is a [[LuaLaTeX]] package developed by Robert Alessi. It is designed for multilingual critical editions. It can be used to typeset texts and different layers of critical notes in any direction accepted by [[LuaTeX]]. Texts can be arranged in running paragraphs or on facing pages, in any number of columns which in turn can be synchronized or not. In addition to printed texts, ekdosis can convert .tex source files so as to produce TEI xml-compliant critical editions. See also on [https://ctan.org/pkg/ekdosis CTAN].