Editing Adelaide (section)

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Adelaide}}

[[File:TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg|thumb|Adelaide's railway and tram network, served by the [[Adelaide Metro]]]]

Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east–west and north–south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan public transport system managed by and known as the [[Adelaide Metro]]. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the [[O-Bahn Busway]], [[Railways in Adelaide|7 commuter rail lines]] (diesel and electric), and a small tram network operating between inner suburb [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]], the city centre, and seaside [[Glenelg tram line|Glenelg]]. Tramways were largely dismantled in the 1950s, but saw a revival in the 2010s with upgrades and extensions.

Road transport in Adelaide has historically been easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, such arterial roads often experience traffic congestion as the city grows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Malcontent – The Twenty Minute City No More |work=Royal Automobile Association, South Australia |year=2005 |url=http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents\document_677.pdf |access-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115022910/http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents%5Cdocument_677.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009  }} (1.18MB)</ref>

[[File:Adelaide O-Bahn tunnel passes under Rymill Park in autumn.jpg|thumb|left|The [[O-Bahn Busway]] tunnel passes under [[Rymill Park]] and serves the northeastern suburbs.]]

The Adelaide metropolitan area has one freeway and four expressways. In order of construction, they are:
* The [[South Eastern Freeway]] (M1), connects the south-east corner of the Adelaide Plain to the Adelaide Hills and beyond to [[Murray Bridge, South Australia|Murray Bridge]] and [[Tailem Bend]], where it then continues as National Highway 1 south-east to Melbourne.
* The [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]] (M2), connecting the outer southern suburbs with the inner southern suburbs and the city centre. It duplicates the route of [[South Road]].
* The [[North-South Motorway]] (M2), is an ongoing major project that will become the major north–south corridor, replacing most of what is now [[South Road]], connecting the [[Southern Expressway (Adelaide)|Southern Expressway]] and the [[Northern Expressway]] via a motorway with no traffic lights. As of 2024 the motorway's northern half is complete, connecting the Northern Expressway to Adelaide's inner north-west; the section running through Adelaide's inner west and inner south-west will begin major construction in 2025 with completion estimated for 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About construction - River Torrens to Darlington - Department for Infrastructure and Transport |url=https://www.t2d.sa.gov.au/construction/about-construction |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.t2d.sa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Port River Expressway]] (A9), connects Port Adelaide and [[Outer Harbor, South Australia|Outer Harbor]] to Port Wakefield Road at the northern "entrance" to the metropolitan area.
* The [[Northern Expressway]] (Max Fatchen Expressway) (M2), is the northern suburbs bypass route connecting the Sturt Highway (National Highway 20) via the [[Gawler Bypass]] to Port Wakefield Road at a point a few kilometres north of the Port River Expressway connection.
* The [[Northern Connector]], completed in 2020, links the North South Motorway to the Northern Expressway.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Light-City Buses Scania K280UB (BUS 1568).jpg|A [[Custom Coaches]] bodied Scania bus on King William Street.
File:AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg|An Adelaide Metro [[Alstom Citadis]] and [[Flexity Classic]]
File:Mountosmondinterechange sefreeway.JPG|The [[Mount Osmond, South Australia|Mount Osmond Interchange]] on the [[South Eastern Freeway]]; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency.
</gallery>

==== Airports ====
[[File:Qatar Airways at Adelaide Airport in 2023 by Mitch Coad.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Qatar Airways]] plane at [[Adelaide Airport]] with the city skyline in the background]]

The Adelaide metropolitan area has two commercial airports, [[Adelaide Airport]] and [[Parafield Airport]]. Adelaide Airport, in Adelaide's south-western suburbs, serves in excess of 8 million passengers annually.<ref name="Adelaide Airport">{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nr-8-million-pax-01.17-v2.pdf|title=Adelaide Airport reaches 8 million passengers in 2016|date=16 January 2017|publisher=Adelaide Airport Ltd. media release|access-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320061749/http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/nr-8-million-pax-01.17-v2.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Parafield Airport, Adelaide's second airport {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=off}} north of the city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation purposes. Parafield Airport served as Adelaide's main aerodrome until the opening of the Adelaide Airport in February 1955. Adelaide Airport serves many international and domestic destinations including all Australian state capitals.

Adelaide is also home to a military airport, known as [[RAAF Base Edinburgh|Edinburgh Airport]], located in the northern suburbs. It was built in 1955 in a joint initiative with the United Kingdom for weapon development.

=== Health ===
[[File:North Terrace's BioMed precinct at night.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Adelaide]] Health and Medical Sciences Building, located in the BioMed City precinct on North Terrace]]

Adelaide's two largest hospitals are the [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] (RAH) in Adelaide Parklands, a [[teaching hospital]] affiliated with the University of Adelaide (800 beds), and the [[Flinders Medical Centre]] (580 beds) at Bedford Park, affiliated with Flinders University. The RAH also operates additional campuses for specialist care throughout the suburbs including the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre (150 beds) at [[Northfield, South Australia|Northfield]] and the [[Glenside Hospital (Adelaide)|Glenside Campus]] (129 beds) for acute mental health services.

Other major public hospitals are the [[Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide|Women's and Children's Hospital]] (305 beds), at North Adelaide; the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]] (340 beds) at Woodville; [[Modbury Hospital]] (174 beds) at Modbury; and the [[Lyell McEwin Hospital]] (198 beds) at Elizabeth Vale. Numerous private hospitals are also located throughout the city, with the largest operators being not-for-profits [[Adelaide Community Healthcare Alliance]] (three hospitals) and [[Sisters of the Little Company of Mary|Calvary Care]] (four hospitals).

In 2017, the RAH was relocated from the city's [[East End, Adelaide|East End]] to a new AU$2.3&nbsp;billion facility built over former railyards in the West End.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sexton |first=Mike |title = New Royal Adelaide Hospital: All you need to know about the delayed high-tech project |newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=1 February 2017 |url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201512/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state-of-the-art hospital forms part of a new biomedical precinct called [[BioMed City]] that collocates the [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), the University of Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, the University of South Australia's Health Innovation Building, and the state's Dental Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140707091617/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 July 2014 |title=South Australian Health and Biomedical Precinct }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital |title=New Adelaide Dental Hospital :: SA Health |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904204107/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital |archive-date=4 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> SAHMRI, with additional external funding, has built a $300&nbsp;million second facility completed in 2024, which was intended to house the [[Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research|Australian Bragg Centre]] with Australia's first [[proton therapy]] unit.<ref name="SAHMRI 2">{{cite web |title=SAHMRI 2 |url=http://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/ |website=Commercial & General |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318203100/https://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction is underway for the [[Women's and Children's Hospital]] to be relocated to the precinct adjacent the RAH by 2030.<ref name="NWMAC">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Women's and Children's Health |title=About the Project |url=https://www.newwch.sa.gov.au/about-the-project |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=New Women’s and Children’s Hospital Project |language=en-AU}}</ref>
[[File:Adelaide (25092999627).jpg|thumb|The [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), located on [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]]]

The largest provider of community health care within Adelaide is the not-for-profit [[Royal District Nursing Service (South Australia)|Royal District Nursing Service]], which provides out of hospital care and hospital avoidance care.

=== Energy ===
Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the [[Adelaide Electric Supply Company]], which was nationalised by the [[Thomas Playford IV|Playford]] government in 1946,<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id2=norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |title=
Sir Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie (1893–1977) |year=2000 |volume=15 |first=P.A. |last= Howell |access-date=16 June 2012 |url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620195359/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> becoming the [[Electricity Trust of South Australia]] (ETSA). Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the Liberal party one vote short of the numbers needed to pass the legislation, ETSA was privatised by the [[John Olsen|Olsen]] Government in 1999 by way of a 200-year lease for the distribution network (ETSA&nbsp;Utilities, later renamed [[SA Power Networks]]) and the outright purchase of ETSA Power{{Clarify|date=July 2019}} by the [[Cheung Kong Holdings]] for $3.5&nbsp;billion (11 times ETSA's annual earnings) after Labor MP [[Trevor Crothers]] resigned from the party and voted with the government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm |title=''7:30 Report'' – 03/06/1999: Shock Labor "betrayal" allows SA Govt to effectively privatise power utility |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034139/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-58398249] {{dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref>

The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the market's first year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501052319/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Power crisis 'as bad as California'. }}</ref> In 2004, the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3&nbsp;billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161236/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013 |title=Privatisation 'will cost state billions'. }}</ref> In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928 |title=FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'? |work=The Conversation |author1=Dylan McConnell |author2=David Blowers |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153620/https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Electricity generation comes from a range of technologies and operators. [[ElectraNet]] operates the high-voltage electricity transmission network. [[SA Power Networks]] distributes electricity to end users. The largest electricity and gas retailing companies are also the largest generating companies.

The largest fossil fuel power stations are the [[Torrens Island Power Station]] gas-fired plant operated by [[AGL Energy]] and the [[Pelican Point Power Station]] operated by [[Engie]]. South Australia also has wind and solar power and connections to the national grid. [[Natural gas|Gas]] is supplied from the [[Moomba, South Australia|Moomba]] Gas Processing Plant in the [[Cooper Basin]] via the [[Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System]]<ref name="EnergySA2">{{cite web|title=Supply Security |work=Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure |url=http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm:sectID=10&tempID=1 |access-date=5 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624044821/http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm%3AsectID%3D10%26tempID%3D1 |archive-date=24 June 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[SEAGas pipeline]] from [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]].

In 2011, South Australia generated 18% of its electricity from [[wind power]], and had 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Renewable+energy/Wind+energy/Wind+energy+in+South+Australia |title=Wind Energy in South Australia |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018043135/http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water%2C%2Benergy%2Band%2Benvironment/Energy/Renewable%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy%2Bin%2BSouth%2BAustralia |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>

Due to almost universal blackouts within the city during September 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929142924/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090|archive-date=29 September 2016 |title=SA power outage: How did it happen?. |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=28 September 2016}}</ref> the state worked with [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] to produce the world's largest electricity battery at [[Hornsdale Wind Farm|Hornsdale Power Reserve]] which has increased that state's electrical security to the extent in which large blackouts are no longer an event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930201754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680|archive-date=30 September 2018 |title=Tesla battery cost revealed two years after SA blackout. |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Water ===

[[File:Happy Valley Reservoir 20070223.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[Happy Valley Reservoir]], 2007]]

The provision of water services is by the government-owned [[SA Water]]. Adelaide's water is supplied from its seven reservoirs: [[Mount Bold Reservoir|Mount Bold]], [[Happy Valley Reservoir|Happy Valley]], [[Myponga Reservoir|Myponga]], [[Millbrook Reservoir|Millbrook]], [[Hope Valley Reservoir|Hope Valley]], [[Little Para Reservoir|Little Para]] and [[South Para Reservoir|South Para]]. The yield from these reservoir catchments can be as little as 10% of the city's requirements (90GL per annum<ref name=desal />) in drought years and about 60% in average years. The remaining demand is met by the pumping of water from the [[River Murray]].<ref name=desal />

A [[Adelaide Desalination Plant|sea-water desalination plant]] capable of supplying 100GL per annum was built during the [[2000s Australian drought|2001–2009 drought]]; however, it operated at about 8% of its capacity until 2019. In December 2018, the State and Federal Governments agreed to fund a $2m study to determine how the plant could be used to reduce reliance on river water, in an effort to help save the Murray River basin and mouth (including the [[Coorong]]) from further ecological damage.<ref name =desal>{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960|first1=Marty|last1=McCarthy|first2=Matt|last2=Coleman|date=14 December 2018|title=Plan to revive Adelaide's desalination plant to help Murray River|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730175120/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960|archive-date=30 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communications===
AdelaideFree WiFi is a citywide free [[Wi-Fi]] network covering most of the inner city areas of Adelaide, primarily the [[Adelaide city centre|Adelaide CBD]] and Northern Adelaide precincts.<ref name="inone">{{Cite web|url=https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/|title=Internode :: Products :: WiFi Hotspots :: Partners :: AdelaideFree|website=Hotspot.internode.on.net|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125093422/https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was officially launched at the Adelaide Central Markets on Tuesday 25 June 2014.<ref name="inone"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/newsroom/adelaide-connects-up-to-large-scale-fast-free-wi-fi/
|title=Adelaide connects up to large-scale fast, free WiFi
|publisher=City of Adelaide
|author=Rebecca Draysey
|date=25 June 2014
|access-date=16 March 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://dpti.sa.gov.au/newconnections/news?a=141907
|title=200 new Wi-Fi locations across city
|publisher=Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia
|date=25 June 2014
|access-date=16 March 2020
}}</ref> It is provided by [[Internode (ISP)|Internode]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.internode.on.net/news/2014/06/339.php | title=Internode :: About :: News and Media :: Internode Wi-Fi sets Adelaide free|website=Internode.on.net|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> with infrastructure provided by outdoor [[Cisco]] WiFi N access points attached to the top of lighting poles, as well as inside cafes and businesses across the city.