Editing Affective computing (section)

==Cognitivist vs. interactional approaches==

Within the field of [[human–computer interaction]], [[Rosalind Picard]]'s [[cognitivism (psychology)|cognitivist]] or "information model" concept of emotion has been criticized by and contrasted with the "post-cognitivist" or "interactional" [[pragmatism|pragmatist]] approach taken by Kirsten Boehner and others which views emotion as inherently social.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Battarbee|first1=Katja|last2=Koskinen|first2=Ilpo|title=Co-experience: user experience as interaction|journal=CoDesign|date=2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–18|url=http://www2.uiah.fi/~ikoskine/recentpapers/mobile_multimedia/coexperience_reprint_lr_5-18.pdf|doi=10.1080/15710880412331289917|citeseerx=10.1.1.294.9178|s2cid=15296236|access-date=2016-02-02|archive-date=2017-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214084411/http://www2.uiah.fi/~ikoskine/recentpapers/mobile_multimedia/coexperience_reprint_lr_5-18.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Picard's focus is human–computer interaction, and her goal for affective computing is to "give computers the ability to recognize, express, and in some cases, 'have' emotions".<ref name="Affective Computing"/> In contrast, the interactional approach seeks to help "people to understand and experience their own emotions"<ref name="How emotion is made and measured"/> and to improve computer-mediated interpersonal communication.  It does not necessarily seek to map emotion into an objective mathematical model for machine interpretation, but rather let humans make sense of each other's emotional expressions in open-ended ways that might be ambiguous, subjective, and sensitive to context.<ref name="How emotion is made and measured"/>{{rp|284}}{{example needed|date=September 2018}}

Picard's critics describe her concept of emotion as "objective, internal, private, and mechanistic". They say it reduces emotion to a discrete psychological signal occurring inside the body that can be measured and which is an input to cognition, undercutting the complexity of emotional experience.<ref name="How emotion is made and measured"/>{{rp|280}}<ref name="How emotion is made and measured"/>{{rp|278}}

The interactional approach asserts that though emotion has biophysical aspects, it is "culturally grounded, dynamically experienced, and to some degree constructed in action and interaction".<ref name="How emotion is made and measured"/>{{rp|276}} Put another way, it considers "emotion as a social and cultural product experienced through our interactions".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boehner|first1=Kirsten|last2=DePaula|first2=Rogerio|last3=Dourish|first3=Paul|author3-link=Paul Dourish|last4=Sengers|first4=Phoebe|author4-link= Phoebe Sengers |title=Affection: From Information to Interaction|journal=Proceedings of the Aarhus Decennial Conference on Critical Computing|date=2005|pages=59–68}}</ref><ref name="How emotion is made and measured">{{cite journal|last1=Boehner|first1=Kirsten|last2=DePaula|first2=Rogerio|last3=Dourish|first3=Paul|author3-link=Paul Dourish|last4=Sengers|first4=Phoebe|author4-link= Phoebe Sengers |title=How emotion is made and measured|journal=International Journal of Human–Computer Studies|date=2007|volume=65|issue=4|pages=275–291|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.11.016|s2cid=15551492 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hook|first1=Kristina|last2=Staahl|first2=Anna|last3=Sundstrom|first3=Petra|last4=Laaksolahti|first4=Jarmo|title=Interactional empowerment|journal=Proc. CHI|date=2008|pages=647–656|url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/cambridge/projects/hci2020/pdf/interactional%20empowerment%20final%20Jan%2008.pdf}}</ref>