Editing Brain–computer interface (section)

===Brain-to-brain communication===
In the 1960s a researcher after training used EEG to create [[Morse code]] using alpha waves.<ref name="Telepathy">{{cite news |last=Bland |first=Eric |date=13 October 2008 |title=Army Developing 'synthetic telepathy' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27162401 |access-date=13 October 2008 |newspaper=Discovery News}}</ref> On 27 February 2013 [[Miguel Nicolelis]]'s group at [[Duke University]] and IINN-ELS connected the brains of two rats, allowing them to share information, in [[Miguel Nicolelis#Brain to brain|the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface]].<ref name="srep01319">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pais-Vieira M, Lebedev M, Kunicki C, Wang J, Nicolelis MA |date=28 February 2013 |title=A brain-to-brain interface for real-time sharing of sensorimotor information |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=3 |pages=1319 |bibcode=2013NatSR...3E1319P |doi=10.1038/srep01319 |pmc=3584574 |pmid=23448946}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gorman |first=James |date=28 February 2013 |title=One Rat Thinks, and Another Reacts |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/science/new-research-suggests-two-rat-brains-can-be-linked.html |access-date=28 February 2013 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=1 March 2013 |title=Brain-to-brain interface lets rats share information via internet |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/feb/28/brains-rats-connected-share-information |access-date=2 March 2013 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Gerwin Schalk reported that ECoG signals can discriminate vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and imagined words, shedding light on the mechanisms associated with their production and could provide a basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech.<ref name="TelepathicCommVowel" /><ref name="TelepathicComm">{{cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Pagan |title=The Cyborg in Us All |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/the-cyborg-in-us-all.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 September 2011 |access-date=28 January 2012 }}</ref>

In 2002 [[Kevin Warwick]] had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his nervous system in order to link his nervous system to the Internet. Warwick carried out a series of experiments. Electrodes were implanted into his wife's nervous system, allowing them to conduct the first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Jocelyn |last1=Selim |first2=Pete |last2=Drinkell |date=1 November 2002 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/featbionic/ |title=The Bionic Connection |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106135544/http://discovermagazine.com:80/2002/nov/featbionic |archive-date=6 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/nervous-system-hookup-leads-to-telepathic-hand-holding|title=Nervous System Hookup Leads to Telepathic Hand-Holding|date=10 June 2015 |work=Atlas Obscura |first=Cara |last=Giaimo}}</ref><ref>Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy", [[Institution of Electrical Engineers|IEE]] Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185–189, 2004</ref><ref name="doi10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369|noedit">{{cite journal | vauthors = Warwick K, Gasson M, Hutt B, Goodhew I, Kyberd P, Andrews B, Teddy P, Shad A | display-authors = 6 | title = The application of implant technology for cybernetic systems | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 60 | issue = 10 | pages = 1369–1373 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14568806 | doi = 10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Other researchers achieved brain-to-brain communication between participants at a distance using non-invasive technology attached to the participants' scalps. The words were encoded in binary streams by the cognitive motor input of the person sending the information. Pseudo-random bits of the information carried encoded words "hola" ("hi" in Spanish) and "ciao" ("goodbye" in Italian) and were transmitted mind-to-mind.<ref name="consciousbraintobrain">{{cite journal
	| vauthors = Grau C, Ginhoux R, Riera A, Nguyen TL, Chauvat H, Berg M, et al
	| date = 2014
	| title = Conscious brain-to-brain communication in humans using non-invasive technologies
	| journal = PLOS ONE
	| volume = 9
	| issue = 8
	| pages = e105225
	| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0105225
| pmid = 25137064
	| pmc = 4138179
	| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9j5225G
	| doi-access = free
	}}</ref>